Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Environment and Public Works Essay

Redwood forests are filled with an assorted collection of animal and plant species. These forests are deemed as complex ecosystems wherein â€Å"the tallest trees in the world to the tiniest fungi are working systematically in a very delicate balance. † More so, the redwoods have been discovered to affect the â€Å"climate of the river canyons by transpiring moisture which keeps the humidity high† (Humboldt Redwoods Interpretive Association). Through this, it can be surmised that trees play a vital role in sustaining life in the biosphere. Because of this, it is mandatory that humans do everything in their power to protect and conserve the redwood forests. However, due to changing times, the biodiversity in the Redwood forests are being threatened particularly by illegal logging. Historically, illegal logging started over centuries ago as early as the Spanish colonization and still a continuous practice in the 21st century. Since then, almost 95% of the redwood forests had been destroyed (Berry). Moreover, illegal logging is caused by overpopulation and increase in demand for natural resources. Because of these demands, virgin forests are turn into urban housing to accommodate the growing population and timbers are being utilized for profit. As a result, the various California species are being endangered to the brink of extinction. If this will not be taken care of immediately, the ecosystem of the Redwood forests will soon be destroyed which can adversely affect the natural cycle of existence. To prevent this from happening, several actions must be facilitated such as information campaign, boycott and conservation efforts. The public needs to be aware of the current situation of the Redwood forests in order to educate and at the same time invoke their interest in saving the Redwood. More so, through the boycott of the products of companies that abuses the Redwood forests, people can help in decreasing the need for natural resources produced by trees and animals living in the Redwood forests (Gapsucks. org). Furthermore, practicing environment-friendly activities such as recycling paper and patronizing consumer goods that are safe for Mother Earth can alleviate the current negative effects of illegal logging which can cause floods, wildfire, extinction of plant and animal species and climate change. As a public political figure, I hope that you can help in disseminating information about how to lessen human impact on the Redwood Forests. Also, I hope that you can generate legislations that will protect and sustain the biodiversity of the Redwood Forests. Respectfully yours, Your name Works Cited Berry, Wendell. â€Å"Learn from the Past. † 2009. Bioweb. uwlax. edu. 13 May 2009 â€Å"Redwood Forest Ecology. † 8 October 1996. Humboldt Redwoods Interpretive Association. 13 May 2009 â€Å"Save the Redwoods, Boycott the Gap. † 18 January 2009. Gapsucks. org. 13 May 2009

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

Human Goodness & Beauty Essay

You ever wonder why people can be so harsh but yet still do good things for people? Do things they wouldn’t normally do that’s nice, but they did it anyways or are not suppose to do? The Book Thief is a book that describes lots of this and this paper will explain the main theme of the book. The Book Thief’s main theme is Human Goodness and Beauty because the book has lots of goodness in people, people looking out for one another, and bring each other joy through actions or words. With people showing Human Goodness they do good deeds to help other people or animals. This can go from helping a dog stuck in a fence to a person in a car accident. Even a guy/girl that is a real pain all the time will help someone that is in danger because they don’t wanna be the witness of a death or something/someone being hurt. Say for example that someone doesn’t have anything to do, and a person talks with that person finds something to give them to do they will usually grab it for them shown here, â€Å"the weekly edition of the Molching Express, she lifted it out took home, presenting it to Max,† (Zuzak 221). This shows the expression by someone getting someone something for another person that they don’t normally have and giving it to them. Most of the time they will be happy for you doing this. In the world there is good/bad people but that doesn’t matter because they will still do something good for someone eventually no matter what it is. In the book Rosa Hubermann is a good example of this, â€Å"Rosa Hubermann, brown hair, in a bun, atrocious cooking, washes clothing for the rich, and hard headed but soft hearted women,† (Zusak 34). This quote shows that even though Rosa is a mean person, she is still nice to people at times. So Even a bad person will look out for a good person at times as well. For example they will save someone in a life or death situation because they are a nice person and don’t care if that person is mean, they are saving someones life and inturn thats what matters to them. Also people can bring other people joy through actions or words by, saying something that is really nice, or helping someone out that might be in the  need of it, but doesn’t ask. Even just doing a simple action that someone is not expecting can make them feel happy and overjoyed. â€Å"The Jew stood before him, expecting another handful of derision, but he watched with everyone else as Hans Hubermann held his hand out and presented a piece of bread, like magic,† (Zusak 394). This action of Hans shows that certain small things can bring people joy and peace. His action showed that small things can bring people joy because the jew was never expecting this, but the jew took it joyfully and thanked him for the bread. Not only does this show kindness but also shows that good people will sometimes not care what other people think and do what feels right. In conclusion, The Book Thief’s main theme is Human Goodness and Beauty because the book has lots of goodness in people, people looking out for one another, and bring each other joy through actions or words. Like lots of people have done and said it doesn’t madder if you’re nice or mean everybody will help someone, somewhere, and at sometime in life no matter how old or young you are. The body was created for many purposes and one of those purposes is helping another human being no matter the situation, or if its words or actions they are helping with.

Political Parties and Unfair Elections Essay

This party system was the first ‘truly national system’, consisting of the Democrats (followers of Jackson) and Whigs (opponents of Jackson) fairly balanced in most regions (Wilson and DiIulio, Jr. 196). The Civil War split the political parties in several ways. There was a deep difference in opinion between the parties over the issue of slavery and sectionalism. Both parties tried to ‘straddle the issues’ to avoid dividing their followers and losing the election to their rival (Wilson and DiIulio, Jr. 196). But the old parties divided and new ones emerged. As a result of the Civil War the modern Republican Party began as a third party. The Republican Party’s strength lay in the North; Abraham Lincoln did not receive a single electoral vote from a Southern state in 1860. The Democrats in the North divided into War Democrats, who supported the war effort but claimed the Republicans were doing a poor job of leading the Union, and the Peace Democrats, or Copperheads, who opposed the war and were suspected of disloyalty to the Union. To win the election of 1864, the Republicans reorganized themselves as the Union party to attract votes from the War Democrats and nominated War Democrat Andrew Johnson for vice president. When Lincoln was assassinated, Democrat Johnson became president. Following the Civil War, Republicans moved quickly to consolidate their control of the United States government. They quickly added a series of Western states to the Union, states that they expected would remain firm in their support for Republicans. The Republican Party’s pro-business positions played well in the industrial North and Midwest, while the Democrats held the â€Å"solid South. † The large number of immigrants who came to the United States, together with the growing industrial workforce, laid the basis for strong, largely Democratic political machines in New York, Chicago, and other large cities (CliffsNotes. com). So at this point there were basically two political parties, the Democrats and the Republicans. The Democrats dominated national politics for the next 20 years. Democratic dominance collapsed in the 1960s in response to the Vietnam War. There was unprecedented rioting against the principles of the war and Democrats blamed their party for the riots and the rise in unlawful behavior and protests. Due to that fact, support of the Democratic Party sharply declined. From the 1968 election of Richard Nixon to Bill Clinton’s 1992 victory, only one Democrat attained the White House: Jimmy Carter, whose term spanned 1976 to 1980. The Electoral College is a major factor in sustaining a majority two-party system, but does not necessarily keep elections fair. If the popular vote in a state is very close, the winner gets all of the state’s electoral votes. This makes it extremely difficult for a third party to win, i. e. the two-party system is reinforced. In many cases the Electoral College system has failed so far as keeping elections fair. Two instances in particular reveal the inadequacy of the Electoral College procedure. An example of a popular third party candidate that was denied any serious validation as a Presidential candidate would be Ross Perot in the 1992 election. Perot garnered almost 20 percent of the popular vote across the country but did not receive a single electoral vote due to the Electoral College rules. This discrepancy between electoral and popular votes has led to many wanting to put an end to the Electoral College system and replace it with popular voting. Another example of the failure of the Electoral College system was exemplified in the 2000 election, when Al Gore was not chosen to be president although he had the popular vote of the country. A systematic conspiracy to heavily manipulate the vote in the critical state of Florida to favor Bush in the 2000 Bush-Gore presidential election ultimately resulted in a Bush victory. The blatant manipulation methods used were enough to swing the election to Bush and away from Gore. The evident fraud in the voting process and the failure of the courts to intervene in a proper and non-partisan manner cost Gore the Presidency. When it became apparent on November 8, 2000 that neither Gore nor Bush had the majority of the electoral votes required to win the Presidency, the state of Florida became the focus of attention. Both candidates needed a majority in Florida to win the White House, but voting irregularities prevented the final tally from being reached for over five weeks. What voters didn’t realize was that the voting procedure wasn’t the only problem in Florida, but that the process to insure George W. Bush’s victory had been in place for over two years before the election. Florida Governor Jeb Bush, George W. Bush’s brother, was elected in 1998. He immediately put a plan into action that would help his brother gain the Florida electoral votes in the 2000 election. Gov. Bush let special interest groups know that they expected political donations of $2 for every $1 donated to Democrats or defaulters would lose access to the governor and the legislative leadership, and their businesses would tank. The Governor also began replacing   Ã‚   Democrats throughout Florida state government, his first purge of Democratic voters. Governor Jeb Bush’s next step to eliminate Democratic power in Florida was to appoint staunch Republicans to control Florida’s educational system, including state senator Jim Horne as Florida’s first Secretary of Education and most of the individual university presidents. He accomplished this feat by eliminating the Florida Board of Regents. The board was replaced by separate boards of trustees at all ten of the state universities According to Lance deHaven-Smith, in his book entitled The Battle for Florida, â€Å"the governor was given the power to make all the trustee appointments†. This created an enormous source of new patronage and also undermined the political neutrality of the state universities. With the Board of Regents out of the way, Republicans quickly replaced many of the university presidents with political insiders. (deHaven-Smith, 2005) The Florida Republican Party then began a drive to disenfranchise Democratic voters. They paid a private company to purge the voter registry of all ex-felons, even though Florida courts twice ruled that ex-felons whose civil rights had been restored before they came to Florida were entitled to vote. This would benefit the Republicans because blacks made up more than 50% of the ex-felon list and 9 0% of the black Florida population voted Democratic. In 1999, newly-elected Secretary of State Katherine Harris paid Data Base Technologies (DBT) $4. million to compile the most extensive scrub list possible. Race was a big factor in compiling matches for the list. After the election, DBT testified before a congressional committee that Florida officials had ordered them to eliminate voters by making incorrect matches. The information was gathered from the Internet and no verifying telephone calls were made. Five months before the election, Harris (who coincidentally was co-chairing the Bush presidential campaign) sent the list of 57,700 names to all the precincts with instructions to remove those voters from the rolls. Greg Palast revealed the story of the scrub list in The Observer, London, November 26, 2000. The story was ignored by American mainstream press. Palast has since provided irrefutable, hard evidence of fraud. His most recent estimate of qualified Florida voters barred from casting a ballot in Election 2000 stands at 90,000. On January 10, 2001, NAACP lawyers sued and won their case against DBT, Secretary of State Katherine Harris, and Bush loyalist Clay Roberts, Director of the Division of Elections. (Palast, 2003)   On Election Day 2000 in the state of Florida, however; Republican voters stood in short ines and used up-to-date equipment. The machinations of the Republican Party paid off in black districts. Highway patrol officers flagged down voters at roadblocks and checked their drivers’ licenses while others waited in long lines to vote on ancient machines. Innocent citizens were turned away and informed that their names appeared on the ex-felons list when they showed up to vote. Republicans found other ways to disenfranchise opposition voters. Two-page ballots with misleading directions were printed in Austin, Texas (the center of the George W. Bush presidential campaign), returned to Florida, and distributed in black districts. Some votes were simply later trashed by ballot handlers. In Duval County, 27,000 ballots were discarded, over half of them from black precincts in Jacksonville. No official challenges were filed within the 72-hour time limit, so thousands of mostly Democratic votes were lost. Sixteen-thousand votes for Gore disappeared overnight from the ongoing Volusia County tally and were reinstated only when an election supervisor questioned the subtraction of already registered votes. No voting machine company representative or election official was able to explain what happened. (Dover, 2002) Around 8 p. m. on Election Day exit polls from Voter News Service projected a Gore victory, but Bev Harris uncovered an CBS news report revealing that the erroneous subtraction of Gore’s votes in Volusia caused the election to be called for Bush. For several hours the race was too close to call, but shortly after midnight, Bush’s numbers plunged rapidly and Gore gained the lead. Despite Gore’s numbers, at 2:16 a. m. Fox News announced that Texas Governor George W. Bush had won Florida and the other television networks repeated Fox’s false information. (Harris, 2004) Gore heard the fake news of his defeat, phoned his congratulations to Bush and was prepared to deliver his concession speech to the nation. At that point, Gore’s chief advisors in Florida told him it was much too early to concede formally and advised him to hold off since there were still 360,000 uncounted votes. Out of 6 million votes cast in Florida, Bush’s lead was reported to be a mere 537 votes. The Florida Constitution had no provisions for a statewide recount, so Gore asked for a partial recount in four southern counties where glaring irregularities had shown up. The last thing the Bush team wanted was a fair recount. They complained to the press that Gore was a sore loser, and the press largely agreed. (Posner, 2001)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On December 8, the Florida Supreme Court overturned a circuit court decision and ordered a manual recount. Based on findings in the circuit court trial, Gore was awarded 393 votes, reducing Bush’s lead to only 154 votes. That’s when the Bush camp went ballistic. (Simon, 2001)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The National Party sent out-of-state operatives to intimidate Republican county clerks to amend over votes in Republican counties, to amend incomplete absentee ballot applications, and to accept late-arriving military ballots lacking signatures. When the recount actually began they became more radical, charged into the county administration building, threatening county canvassers, and halted the recount of Miami-Dade ballots. Despite court orders, eighteen counties never attempted a recount. The Bush campaign team and lawyers circulated misinformation about Florida’s election laws, about the reliability of manual recounts (both Jeb and George W. claimed that only machines could count accurately), and about the likelihood of a constitutional crisis. (Zelden, 2010) The Florida Constitution specifies that the intent of the voter be paramount during ballot recounting. Because electronic machines had repeatedly failed to read, discern intent, and count ballots accurately, manual recounting was mandated. The law was actually quite clear and no constitutional crisis was imminent. That did not stop the Bush team from pressing the issue, for they wanted the U. S. Supreme Court to intervene and prevent the recount. Republican leadership called the legislature into special session while the judiciary branch still addressed election issues, an extraordinary move. Speaker of the House Tom Feeney, Jeb’s bosom political buddy, took the podium and criticized the Florida Supreme Court decisions. He warned that if the dispute continued to December 12, Florida’s electoral slate would be excluded from the Electoral College vote. Florida had submitted its election results as they were certified, so the electoral slate was never really in danger. The Bush legal team, determined to delay or stop the recount, appealed to the U. S. District Court of Appeals, the Florida Supreme Court, and the U. S. Supreme Court. The justices had no business interfering in the election. The U. S. Constitution authorizes Congress to settle election disputes, not the Supreme Court. The first two courts denied the appeal. Then the U. S. Supreme Court gave them the nod. From that moment, the fix was in. Zelden, 2010) Justices Antonin Scalia and Clarence Thomas had close relatives working for Republican organizations and should have recused themselves. Antonin Scalia’s son Eugene is a Washington law partner of Theodore B. Olson, the attorney who twice argued before the Supreme Court on behalf of George W. Bush. Scalia’s son John is an attorney with the Miami law firm that represented Bush in Florida. Clarence Thomas†™s wife, Virginia, worked for the Heritage Foundation, a conservative think tank, and had been helping to collect applications from people seeking employment in the Bush administration. But they, along with the three other right-wing judges on the court, issued a ruling instructing the Florida courts to find a recount method that would apply â€Å"equal standards. † The decision came down at 10 p. m. on December 12, 2000, two hours before the deadline to submit voting results. In short, the U. S. Supreme Court ran the clock out on American voters and handed Florida’s electoral votes and the presidency to George W. Bush. (Thoreau, 2007) Reviewing the actual results of the statewide examination of 175,010 disputed ballots, on November 12, 2001 Robert Parry, www. consortiumnews. om, cleared away the media fog: â€Å"So Al Gore was the choice of Florida’s voters — whether one counts hanging chads or dimpled chads. That was the core finding of the eight news organizations that conducted a review of disputed Florida ballots. By any chad measure, Gore won. Gore won even if one doesn’t count the 15,000-25,000 votes that USA Today estimate d Gore lost because of illegally designed ‘butterfly ballots,’ or the hundreds of predominantly African-American voters who were falsely identified by the state as felons and turned away from the polls. Gore won even if there’s no adjustment for George W. Bush’s windfall of about 290 votes from improperly counted military absentee ballots where lax standards were applied to Republican counties and strict standards to Democratic ones, a violation of fairness reported earlier by the Washington Post and the New York Times. Put differently, George W. Bush was not the choice of Florida’s voters anymore than he was the choice of the American people who cast a half million more ballots for Gore than Bush nationwide. † Although the 2000 election was a travesty, one positive outcome was the renewal in the nation’s interest in The National Popular Vote bill.

Monday, July 29, 2019

Marketplace Fairness Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketplace Fairness Act - Essay Example es is defined as goods or services sold into a state in which he is not allowed to pay, collect or remit state or local sales and use taxes unless provided in the act. In case the remote seller uses the CSP and there is an error he/she is forgiven if there is a debt however CSP is not liable if the inaccurate information is fed into it and also both the remote seller and the CSP are not liable if the error is as a result of software provided by state. However the remote seller is liable is does not use the CSP. The act has effect on the remote sellers in that the MFA must pass and become effective law, states that require collection of sales tax must be a member of Streamlined Sales and Use Sax agreement, publish a notice that it is participating in the act, the remote seller must have a minimum of $1 million dollars in remote sales in United State, that the State will provide tax certified software provider and that the remote seller may use the CSP to calculate sales tax collections and the remote seller should remit collected tax to the appropriate state (United States, 115). This bill was passed by Senate with 70% of the vote in the spring agitating that this could become the law of the land. This is on the basis that small businesses are economic backbone of the state and nation (United States, 108). They provide jobs, economic growth, aid support in the communities they serve the loss of customers to the internet stores who sell goods and services at cheaper prices has lead to loss of customers hence higher unemployment, slow growth in the economy, underfunded charities and state and government receiving less revenue while more and more people want assistance. As stated in the Digital Goods and Services Tax Fairness Act of 2011, the house of the Representative has not yet voted for the bill nor has it set date to vote it in. As much as this bill has not passed the House of Representatives it’s doubtful that Congress will not pass some form of legislation

Sunday, July 28, 2019

Amazon.com in the stock market Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Amazon.com in the stock market - Research Paper Example Additionally, it generates more revenue through promotional and marketing services such as cobranded credit agreements and online advertising. Amazon.com, Inc. operates in two market segments, which include North America and International (Miller et al. 8). This company achieved the publication rights, from Avalon Books, to over 3,000 books titles particularly in Mystery, Romance, and western categories, in June 2012. Amazon.com serves its customers through its retail websites. Its websites are designed in a way that enable the company itself and third parties to sell their products across a wide range of product categories. In addition to selling a number of products, this company also manufactures and sells kindle devices (Miller et al. 8). This company focuses on everyday shipping and pricing offers through its membership, in Amazon Prime. Its products are distributed to customers through several channels, which include digital delivery, co-sourced and outsourced programs in some countries, and through the United States and International fulfillment warehouses and centers (Miller et al. 22). The company is supported by its customer care centers that are distributed throughout the globe, which are backed up by co-sourced programs. Amazon.com offers arrangements that enable its sellers to sell their own branded websites and products through its websites (Miller et al. 23). The company does not benefit directly from the sells made by its sellers, but it earns revenue through revenue share fees, fixed fees, and per-unity activity fee. Independent publishers and authors are served through the company’s Kindle Direct publishing. This is a platform that enables publishers and independent authors to choose a 70 percent royalty option to make academic materials available in the Kindle Store (Miller et al. 17). The company also has its own publishing arm, Amazon Publishing, which offers independent authors another channel to publish their books. CreateSpace is another channel through which filmmakers, musicians, and authors sell their products. It offers manufacturing and on-demand publishing for independent publishers, music labels, content creators, and film studio. The North America segment consists of revenue earned from retail sales of consumer subscriptions and products through North America-focused Websites like www.amazon.ca and www.amazon.com. The North America segment also includes export sales from www.amazon.ca and www.amazon.com (Miller et al. 47). The international segment, on the other hand, consists of revenue from retail sales of consumer subscriptions and products through internationally targeted locations (Miller et al. 47). It also includes export sales from these internationally targeted regions, including export sales from the United States’ and Canada’s customers through these sites, but it excludes export sales from its Canadian and United States regions (Miller et al. 48). There has been a general do wntrend movement of amazon.com Inc’s share prices since September 15, 2012. For example, the share prices were at $252.01 on October 1, 2012. The stock prices increased significantly in the next four days and reached a high of $260.47, on October 04, 2012 (Teweles & Bradley 123). The share prices then assumed a down trend, in the next 24 hours, and closed at a low of $258.51, on October 05, 2012. The share prices then assumed an upward trend and reached a hig

Saturday, July 27, 2019

Leading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Leading - Essay Example In portraying managers as leaders, several factors define leadership in managers. These factors are discussed below. Control- good leadership in management is demonstrated by the ability of managers to control. At times difficult situations may arise in the company that requires a strong personality to come over it. This therefore requires a manager to posses the quality and zeal of control in order to be able to come over such matters. Control in management incorporates an upright ability to exude confidence in the decisions you make that affect the people around you and the institution under your management. This also entails instilling the same confidence in others so that they can exhibit the same virtues. Courage- every decision making process presents a different scenario to the manager of any company. The period that succeeds decision making is always full of uncertainty. This is because when a decision is made, there is an expected result. This is because the success of the decision can either pass or fail. To be a leader, you must have the courage to make decisions without fear of failing. This defines the leadership in a manger. Top manager- the top managers have the responsibility of showing exemplary leadership and also attempt to lead through positive influence. In bestowed upon them to lead with a lot of knowledge and understanding of what management entails to the managers. Their leadership strategy includes the following; Building employee engagement- employees are the working unit of a company. This makes them the most important part of the company. Their involvement in the company issues is very fundamental. This is because everyday management of the company directly affects them. In order to build a lasting company that is assured good business future, employee engagement into the issues touching the operability of the company is always deemed a very good aspect of top management. This

Friday, July 26, 2019

Under non-ideal conditions, it is necessary to trade off between Essay

Under non-ideal conditions, it is necessary to trade off between relevance and reliability when estimating future cash flows. Critically appraise this statement - Essay Example In this regard, the reliability of accounting information as an apparatus for forecasting future cash flows require accreditation from the actual source to ascertain its relevance to the study of future trends concerning cash flows (Gandevani 74). For accounting information to be relevant in the estimation of future cash flows, it must be in accord with the established international accounting principle. Financial analysts argue that accounting transactions that are not supported by the reality in contextual market are defective and misleading, and their reliability is irrelevant in predicting future cash flows (Gandevani 73). In fact, failure to incorporate both reliability and relevance in decision making will always lead to unprofitable returns. For instance, unreliable information might lead to overestimation or underestimation of future cash flows, and this may result in poor planning of activities. It is important to recognize that accounting conservatisms is pro relevance at the expense of reliability which means that relevance of accounting figures and transaction is a vital tool for estimation of future cash flows. In summary, both reliability and relevance must be put into consideration when estimating future cash f lows for an

Thursday, July 25, 2019

Ethical Hacking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Ethical Hacking - Essay Example It can be used to protect an organization against an attack because it spots out and potentially prevents intrusions that breach the system’s firewalls or those that occur behind the local area network (LAN) or the firewall (IATAC, 2009, p.3). Thus, IDS can provide organizations real-time or near-real-time monitoring of a host or a network and defend them from hacking. IDS cannot always detect footprinting stages. The wrong results in an IDS are categorized into two kinds: false positives and false negatives (IATAC, 2009, p.4). False positives happen when an IDS wrongly sees a problem with benign traffic (IATAC, 2009, p.4). False negatives take place when malicious traffic is not recognized by the IDS (IATAC, 2009, p.4). When this happens, hackers’ footprinting efforts can enter the system and evade the systematic monitors of an IDS. Also, an IDS cannot evade successful social engineering tactics. These tactics gathers useful information about the system that can be used to determine vulnerabilities and other useful information. Two scanning and enumeration tools that the organization can use are Port Scanning and Null Session tools. Port scanning can be done by Nmap- it is a program made for network mapping tool. Nmap does different network functions, such as fingerprinting a system, finding ports that are common to a specific network device, and determining the servers, such as recognizing that System B is actually a Solaris server. The Windows Server Message Block (SMB) protocol provides free information. Null Sessions are not on by default in Win XP, Server 2003, Vista, and Windows 7 but open in Win 2000 and NT. Some of the Null Session Tools are Dumpsec, Winfo, Sid2User, and NBTenun 3.3. Scanning and enumeration can be taken to the next level through using vulnerability assessment tools that respond to scanning and enumeration activities. Vulnerability

Rights of Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Rights of Management - Essay Example own as The Labor Management Relation Act Of 1947 is law that marked a radical change in the federal regulation of industrial relations (Carper et al, 2008). This change was created after a vast number of large scale strikes were held to an extent of nearly disabling the steel, automobile and packing industries among others in the United States. These work mayhems severely affected the economy leading to panic from public. This act, which was an adjustment to the Wagner Act of 1935, was made to benefit all the parties that were involved in the labor agreement as the employees, employers and the labor union (Beik, 2005). Its passage of 1947 added new necessities to the former ‘which meant that its actual meaning would now depend upon the interpretation by the National Labor Relations Board, as well as, the courts’. Taft –Hartley Act placed restrictions on unions that were already imposed on the employer which dictated that it was unlawful to contain workers who wanted to exercise their rights for self organization. (Dubinsky, 1994). Moreover, secondary strikes, boycotts and sympathy strikes especially those that were intended to influence employers, as opposed to those that the Union had contract with. Its first amendment entailed right to free speech that had been severely limited by the former laws, giving chances to employers to air their ideas on unionization only if the ideas are not incisive with threats or promises to employees. It also restricted the liability of employers based on managers’ actions to those who would be considered as a section of supervisors’ official duty. Additionally, the Act allowed states to enact right to work laws which illegalized the setting of union membership as employment condition although some states chose it while others bargained f or changes to avoid conflict of interest. According to Carper, et al. 2008, the Act made recommendation for the contract of labor to on either sides to bargain in good faith on the

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

Audit Framework Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6500 words

Audit Framework - Case Study Example To do an audit, there must be information in a verifiable form and some standards (criteria) by which the auditor can evaluate the information. Information can and does take many forms. Auditors routinely perform audits of quantifiable information, including companies’ financial statements and individuals’ federal income tax returns. Auditors also perform audits lf more subjective information, such as the effectiveness of computer systems and the efficiency of manufacturing operations.This is a case study for auditing Southern Rock, a high street UK Bank, registered in Southampton. Here audit partner in the firm is â€Å"APMC Auditors† has provided some questions to answer. Answers of the given questions are answered as bellow respectively:  Answer to the question no-1:Concept of Going Concern: The â€Å"going concern† perception is one of the regulatory foundation stone of the financial accounting arena.   The spirit of going concern express that the Balance Sheet of a company must be an echo the weight of that company as if it would stay in existence for and beyond the predictable future. In other words, the going concern concept also states that the company would be file for bankruptcy within one year from the date of Balance Sheet. This paper would go to analyse the going concern concept and its vital focus to a rational observation of Southern Rock Plc. a Banking company as far as possible.   There are two major parties in the assessment of a company as a going concern,   they are the company’s management and its auditors.... Information can and does take many forms. Auditors routinely perform audits of quantifiable information, including companies' financial statements and individuals' federal income tax returns. Auditors also perform audits lf more subjective information, such as the effectiveness of computer systems and the efficiency of manufacturing operations. This is a case study for auditing Southern Rock, a high street UK Bank, registered in Southampton. Here audit partner in the firm is "APMC Auditors" has provided some questions to answer. Answers of the given questions are answered as bellow respectively: Answer to the question no-1: Concept of Going Concern: The "going concern" perception is one of the regulatory foundation stone of the financial accounting arena. The spirit of going concern express that the Balance Sheet of a company must be an echo the weight of that company as if it would stay in existence for and beyond the predictable future. In other words, the going concern concept also states that the company would be file for bankruptcy within one year from the date of Balance Sheet. This paper would go to analyse the going concern concept and its vital focus to a rational observation of Southern Rock Plc. a Banking company as far as possible. It would discover the Impact of Going Concern on Financial statement and Audit procedure to establish Going Concern in Banking Sector as well as the liquidation value of a company and its asset. Going concern assessment: There are two major parties in the assessment of a company as a going concern, they are the company's management and its auditors. In addition, the following factors may lead to a going concern reconsideration. The list

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

Property Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 4

Property Law - Essay Example rchase; Dave has an equitable interest in the leasehold of the garage for the duration of ten years, and; Max has at least a vested interest in the property because he has been living in its grounds during those times when Bob was not around. The circumstances under which Peter bought the property seemingly fall squarely with the textbook definition of the term â€Å"bona fide purchaser for value without notice.† A bona fide purchaser for value without notice is defined as a buyer of the land for a considerable sum of money without knowledge of existing equitable interests over the land. Title at law is enforceable against the whole world. â€Å"A person who is such a bona fide purchaser for value and without notice is known as ‘equity’s darling’, and will take a legal estate free from equitable interests.1 In other words, a bona fide purchaser for value with legal title and without notice therefore has a right against everyone including equitable titles and interests. Bob contributed to the purchase price in the amount of GBP 50, 000 and took up residence within the Wimbledon Property, first in the main house and later, when his relationship with Vicky went sour, converted the barn to a residential building and continued his residency there. His clothes and his other things are left in the converted barn. Albeit that he now lives during the weekdays with a girlfriend in the city, he showed no intention of abandoning his stay in Wimbledon. As a matter of fact, he allowed his brother Max to keep house during the times he was away. On the basis of his contribution to the purchase of the house, Bob has acquired an equitable right over the property, notwithstanding that this was an amount not so huge vis-à  -vis Vicky’s GBP 400.000. Prior to the present land registration law viz., The Land Registration Act of 2002, there was no need to register equitable interests, only ownership over the land. As discussed above, however, even equitable rights can be defeated.

Monday, July 22, 2019

The Ottoman Empire Paper Essay Example for Free

The Ottoman Empire Paper Essay The Ottoman Empire was one of the ancient yet one of the most powerful and influential world empires.   The history of this empire begins sometimes during the 13th century.   In their bid to enlarge their territory they took no consideration to any limits or boundaries be it religious, tribal or otherwise.   This empire is also viewed as one of the civilized empires of the modern times. The empire was more of a military administration than a state.   The empire is considered to have lasted a considerably longer time than any other empire.    The rulers of this empire were known as Sultans or Hunkar or Emperors and were all Islam.   Suleyman the Great was the Sultan who ruled the longest while Amurath ruled for only three months making him the shortest ruling sultan.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The sultans always emerged from the Ottoman family who were strict followers of the Quran.   Honesty, hard work and charity were principles that led the Ottoman Empire.   Sermons were always read in the name of the reigning Sultan at that time.   Any property belonging to the Sultan was known as Royal or imperial.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Having discussed that much on the establishment and general history of the Ottoman of the empire, it is of utmost importance to now look at the empire more critically and find out impacts of the Ottoman Empire especially on the Umma Muslims.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Though the Ottoman Empire was one of the most powerful and civilized ancient empires of the world, it also had its weak points during its reign.   This paper specifically focuses on some of those weak points and particularly the mismanagement that was witnessed when the empire was in power leading to division among the Umma Muslims.   A critical analysis of the Ottoman Empire reveals various setbacks that the dynasty experienced and this affected directly or indirectly the unity of the Ottoman Muslims. According to the traditions of the Ottoman Empire, when a Sultan died one of his sons would become the next Sultan.   However there were no proper strategies as to who would become the next Sultan. There was therefore no clear criterion of selecting a Sultan. This led to bloodshed as the one who eventually emerged victorious had to eliminate his rivals for order and calmness to prevail.   This obviously went against the teachings of the Muslim religion.   Some Muslims supported the method while others were totally opposed to it as it contravened the teachings of the Holy Quran.   This led to division among the Muslims.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another issue that led to the division of the Umma Muslims was the level of respect accorded to the sultans.   The Sultans were almost equated to Allah the God of the Muslims.   For instance during prayers sermons were read in the name of the current Sultan.   Some Muslims however felt that this was blasphemous because ordinarily sermons were supposed to be read in the name of Allah the Mighty one.   This therefore led to division among Muslims thereby breaking the unity between them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As discussed earlier Sultan Suleyman served for 40 years and therefore goes down the history of books as the longest serving Sultan.  Ã‚   The major role of the Sultan was to ensure that justice and fairness was exercised.   Cases of injustice were rare as the Sultan made sure that the laws were followed to the letter.   Any injustice and unfairness called for the direct intervention of the Sultan. Scholars and theologians believe that one of the reasons why the Ottoman dynasty declined and eventually collapsed was because the Sultans who succeeded Sultan Suleyman were not keen on protecting the interests of the citizens in terms of justice.   The neglect by their leaders led to Umma Muslims to lack loyalty for their leaders and thereby there was disunity among them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When Sultan died his son Selim II took over the leadership of the dynasty. His behavior was absolutely intolerable and contributed a great deal in causing disunity among the Muslims.   He was an addict of alcohol and would spend most of his days drinking therefore forgetting his administrative role.   He was also a lover of women and a sex addict vices that are heavily condemned in the Holy Quran.   Due to his negligent nature, he completely disengaged himself from making decisions that affected the common people directly or indirectly.   This made the Muslims to be disloyal to the Sultan and thereby led to a lot of division. As a consequence the Ottoman dynasty came tumbling down marking the end of the great dynasty. (Paul, 1971)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At the end of the sixteen century Ottoman was still a very strong dynasty and influential too.   However the Sultan style of leadership was slowly becoming unpopular thus losing ground.   In its place was the bureaucratic power method of ruling.   However this method of power was actually the pathway to the decline and collapse of the world’s most influential empire.  Ã‚   This was so because bureaucracy led to corruption neglecting the needs and interests of the people.   As a result, there was a lot of unpopularity of the government among the common people.   This led to division among the Muslims and eventually the dynasty collapsed. (Leslie, 2003)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Historians also believe that another major contribution to disunity among the Ottoman Muslims was inequality by successors of Sultan Suleiyman.   As discussed earlier during the reign of Sultan Suleiyman the Central government was accessible so that any person who had grievances would present them before the leaders.   However with the change of leaders, the new leaders ranked themselves so highly that they were not accessible.   The Muslims lost faith in their leaders; consequently there was disunity and eventual collapse of the dynasty. The leaders promoted people to power without using the right criteria.   There was gross unfairness and this brought about strife among the common people.   This in turn led to divisions among the Muslims as some felt that they were discriminated against in their own country.   At some point the leaders exuded high level of negligence as far as matters pertaining people were concerned.   The common people revolted and as a result there was disunity.   This led to internal attacks.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another major issue that brought about division due to poor management of power by the leaders was the issue of succession upon the death of a Sultan.   As already discussed if the deceased Sultan was without an heir or that he had several sons there was stiff contest that always led to bloodshed.   Scholars strongly believe that this may have played a major role in division of the Umma and the eventual collapse of the kingdom.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A notable distinction between the Ottoman Empire and other empires was that they were during the Ottoman Empire there was freedom especially for the non-Muslims to practice their own religion.   This brought division among the Muslims as some felt that other religions were equated to their religion and this they found to be very offensive.   As a result there were massacres and discrimination.  Ã‚   This led to a great division among the Muslims most of whom felt that though no religion should be equated with the Muslim religion Massacre was a sin as it contravened the Holy Quran.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There was also an element of divide and rule that leaders in power used in attempt to gain popularity.   The leaders would therefore incite the people against their own.   The people fought each other over small disputes but this was the plan of the leaders in order to rule them more easily.   This was a great power mismanagement that saw the Muslims divide into big factions depending on whose side they actually belonged. (Shaw, 1977)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There was great self-centeredness and selfishness among the leaders which again brought division.   This was especially so when it came to sharing of resources.   There was unfair sharing and distribution of resources that brought hatred and thus division among the Muslims.   The leaders only considered themselves and their families forgetting the rest of the people.   Some people felt sidelined and as a result there were factions and consequently these groupings led to division among the Umma Muslims.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another challenge that the Ottoman Empire faced was classification of Muslims.   The Shia Muslims, the Umma and other classifications.   Every class felt that they dominated the rest.   This again brought about division because all classes of Muslims felt that they would want to be considered superior to the rest.   This eventually brought about division among the Muslims as no group agreed to be treated as lesser of the other.   The major division came about when some groups demanded that the rest of the groups must convert and become one of their own.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Division also arose when the dynasty made arrangements to fight other kingdoms.   The empire could not reach an agreement as to who would go to the war.   This again brought division because those not selected felt that they were not given an opportunity to fight for themselves thus there were differences on these grounds.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is also clear mismanagement of the empire by the leaders when they did not give ample protection to their own.   Most of the promises made by their leaders were never fulfilled or honored.   The leaders who took after Suleiman put their interests first and forgot the people.   The people were neglected and those who were treated well were just a small group.   This discrimination resulted to obvious indifferences thereby there was disunity among people who were once united.(Donald,2005) As discussed earlier, after the death of sultan Suleyman, so many things changed.   Corruption was very rampant especially when it came to provision of basic social amenities to the people.   Services that were normally offered free had to be paid for and as result there was agitation and revolt among the people leading to division.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There was a gross alteration of rules, laws and policies that governed the people.   The leaders made alterations in their favor.   The common people were very disappointed and began to rebel.   The rebellions and revolts ended up in bringing divisions among the once united Umma Muslims community.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The other major cause of rift was education in that there are those who were provided with good quality education while the rest could only access the traditional education.   This in turn was reflected in terms of development so that those with high quality education were seen to develop more than the rest.   This led to social classification and thereby division.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From the various issues discussed it is very clear that decline and eventual collapse of the Ottoman kingdom was caused by issues affecting them internally and not attacks and conquest by Europe and other world powers.   It is the mismanagement by their leaders that led to the division of the Umma Muslims and finally the most powerful and influential dynasty in the ancient times collapsed. Works Cited Quartaert Donald. The Ottoman Empire. London, Cambridge University Press, 2005 Peirce Leslie. Law and Gender in the Ottoman Court, New York. University of California Press, 2003 Shaw Stanford. History of the Ottoman Empire. London, Cambridge University Press, 1977 Wittek Paul. Rise of the Ottoman Empire, Turkey, B. Franklin, 1971

Sunday, July 21, 2019

EPS Waste Water Treatment Group | Business Structure

EPS Waste Water Treatment Group | Business Structure Table of Contents (Jump to) Introduction EPS History of EPS Awards EPS Group Achieved 2013 EPS are to represent Ireland at European Business Awards Corporate Social Responsibility Departments of EPS Finance Department General Accounts Wages and Payroll Sales Marketing Advertising Sales Customer Service Human Resource Hiring Dismissal Disciplinary Actions Training Research Purchasing Department Purchasing Materials Evaluating Price Paperwork and Accounting Bibliography Introduction to EPS The organisation I have chosen is EPS Waste Water Treatment Group. EPS Group is a Pumping Treatment System Ltd. EPS is a specialist wet infrastructure support services group of companies operating across the Republic of Ireland and the UK, one of the few genuine end –to-end service providers in the global water sector. The head office of EPS is based in Mallow, Co: Cork. They also have many more branches. Ballyhaunis , Co:Mayo Mountrath, Co: Laois Naas, Co: Kildare Northern Ireland Over the years EPS has grown from a modest electrical and pumping service business into an innovative, internationally exporting product and service provider, now EPS is focused upon the water, wastewater and clean technology sectors. EPS Group provides services to municipal, industrial, commercial, agriculture and domestic clients and currently export to over 30 different countries worldwide. EPS has an annual turnover of â‚ ¬70 million and a dedicated workforce of approximately 360 people including their own design and project delivery team of process, mechanical, electrical, civil and chemical engineers. EPS are Ireland’s largest, privately owned Design – Build – Operate (DBO) partner for the delivery and operation of water and wastewater assets. There current long-term operational covers over 200 treatment assets serving a population close to 1 million. EPS have held contracts with all 34 municipalities in the Republic of Ireland. Since entering the UK market EPS have been appointed to 11 frameworks with UK companies. EPS provided a widespread of services and products to the Wet Infrastructure sector. They are one of Europe’s largest pump resellers. Design-Build-Operate of private water and wastewater treatment facilities. Energy management services improving the operation of treatment facilities. EPS have a wide range of loyal customers, covering many sectors and sub-markets. History of EPS In 1968 Kanturk Electrical and Farm Services Ltd, was founded 45 years ago by Gerald Buckley in Kanturk, Co: Cork. 1973 – Electrical Pump Services ltd was founded through expansion in Mallow, Co: Cork. Both Paddy Buckley and Betty O’Connor were on board to support the development of the business. Also the same year Galway opened its branch to support activities in the West of Ireland. 1978- Liam Sheahan joined them as Financial Director. 1984- Opened new branch in Ballyhaunuis Co: Mayo. 1997- New distribution / Warehouse / Service / Repair centre in Mallow, Co: Cork 1998 – Acquisition of Aquapure, UK, Significant expansion into industrial wastewater treatment resulting in projects in England, Cyprus, Bahain, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Scotland and Wales. 1995 The first major National Development Plan in Ireland was implemented. 2000 – EPS renewed the National Development Plan. 2002 – EPS Bison established itself as a significant Irish player in this sector, providing solutions to in excess of 30,000 Irish homes. 2003 – EPS secured Dundalk Drogheda a 20 year contract. 2007 – EPS opened a new 2000m sq. in Mallow to support the on-going development of the business. Awards EPS Group Achieved 2013 EPS are to represent Ireland at European Business Awards EPS will represent Ireland as National Champion in the 2013/2014 European Business Awards Programme under the Environmental and Corporate Social Responsibility Category. 2012 EPS wins Energy Efficiency Award EPS won a major award for energy efficiency at the annual Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI) Awards 2012 EPS won the Green Energy Award for 2012 The successful EPS entry was the innovative Bio-crack sludge. 2011 Recognition for EPS by IOSH for health and safety EPS achieved the ultimate A Grade in Safe T certification. 2011 Sustainable Energy Awards 2011 (SEAI) Categories include:- Category C – Energy Efficiency Award – major Users â‚ ¬350,000 annual spend Category I – Sustainable Energy Innovation Award 2011 Anglian Water – â€Å"We love what you do† Awards EPS was shortlisted fort his award 2011 Achilles Audit Success EPS received a scoring of 100% in its Health Safety, Environment and Quality Audit 2011 EPS to represent Ireland in European Business Awards 2011 Green Innovation Awards EPS shortlisted for the Green Awards 2011 2009 Safe – T-Cert Received from Construction Industry Federation Ireland 2008 Mallow Business Awards Received Award for Largest Company of the Year 2003 CEEQUAL Civil Engineering Environmental Assessment and Awards Scheme Project Corporate Social Responsibility The EPS Group is committed to work ethically and to contribute to the economic development and quality of life improvement of all their employees, their families and the local communities in which they operate. Every year EPS participates in numerous fundraising and charity activities and awareness events. They do this in a number of different ways, including: Direct financial contributions/support Support for employees and management in their efforts and activities with various community groups Provision of secretarial, photocopying and campaign material for local community organisations Direct financial contributions to national and international charity groups The current community groups that are supported from EPS are: Local National GAA Clubs Rugby Clubs MS and Water Aid Hospice Movement St Vincent De Paul AADI – Autism Assist Dogs Ireland Jack Jill Foundation Enable Ireland Special Olympics Ireland St Joseph’s Foundation The Kambuie Project The Eoin Cronin Fund Departments of EPS There are 4 main departments within EPS Company. Finance Department Sales Marketing Human Resources Purchasing Department Finance Department One of the most important departments in EPS is the Finance department. The functions within the finance departments include: General Accounts The role expected from general accounts office is responsible for the preparation of quarterly and end of year finance and management accounts. This department also handles the bookkeeping and keeps records of the money coming in and going out of the business. This also includes chasing up on late payments and paying for items purchased, handling invoices, monitoring budgets. EPS finance staff assists in providing the information for their annual audit every year. Wages and Payroll In EPS and other company’s payroll is the figure of all financial records or salaries for an employee, paying staff salaries /wages, bonuses and deductions. Sales Marketing In Sales and Marketing the duties include selling and promoting organisations goods or services, the roles of sales and marketing are: Advertising, Sales and Customer service. Advertising EPS need to market their products and services to continuously attract customers. A major part of marketing is designing, updating and promoting the EPS website. Sales A Sales department has several functions in EPS. The sales people are trained in knowledge of the goods and how to sell these products. The salesmen will then try and persuade the customer to purchase the product that is manufactured through marketing research. In EPS the salesmen are given a target each year – therefore they have to reach their goal to try and achieve it. Customer Service One of the roles of an EPS customer service representative is to interact with EPS customers to provide them with information to address enquires regarding products and services. They deal with and help customers resolve any customer problems; this is usually done via a telephone call. Human Resources The human resource department is responsible for the provision of the full range of HR. The functions of HR include: Hiring Dismissal, Disciplinary Actions, and Training Research. Hiring Dismissal When hiring employee’s in EPS they handle each hiring the same way. They will be given a 3-6 month contract; if the probation period is satisfactory to their employer this will result in their contract being extended until further notice. They also handle hiring the same way; if an employee is not performing up to standard then they will terminate that employee. Disciplinary Actions As with most large companies EPS have a policy around issues such as dealing with discrimination, harassment, violence, drug and alcohol use within the workplace. Help is given to employees that need it. Training Training is provided to EPS employees with support and guidance this is to help them develop their skills, knowledge and to motivate them to carry out work-related tasks within the company (EPS). These trainers will help with on-going, long term progress of employee’s skills and enable them to achieve their potential. Research EPS will research the needs of the customers and then develop the product that’s required. They also ensure the continuing productive capacity within the company. The company develops product prototype prior to the final launch of end product. Purchasing Department Most major companies have a purchasing department as part of everyday operations. EPS are one of the companies that provide a service that is the backbone of manufacturing and retail. Purchasing Materials One of the roles of the purchasing department is to buy all necessary raw materials that are required for production. In EPS the purchasing department makes sure there are always sufficient raw materials in the warehouse to keep the customers happy and keep the store well-stocked at all times. Evaluating Price A purchasing department is also charged with continuously evaluating whether it is receiving these materials at the best possible price in order to maximise profitability. This may affect small businesses that may purchase fewer quantities and may not receive the same type of bulk discounts. A purchasing department in a small business will need to shop around to find the best vendor at the most reasonable price. Paperwork and Accounting Purchasing department handle all paperwork involved with purchasing and delivery of supplies and materials. Purchasing ensures timely delivery of materials from vendors and can track all purchase orders. Bibliography http://www.epswater.ie/ http://www.epswater.ie/news-articles-eps-group/bison-joins-forces-with-conder-and-premier-tech.2746.html http://www.epswater.ie/news-articles-eps-group.26.5.html http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/business-theory/finance/aims-of-finance-department.html#axzz2nixFNaAy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing http://www.epswater.ie/sustainability/awards.214.html Valerie Callaghan O’Shea

Concept of Easy War

Concept of Easy War Key Judgments Easy War, the conception that war has minimal impact on Western states and their citizens, provides a useful analytical framework in order to critique and study how Western states become involved in military conflicts. In using this framework, it is understood that the over reliance on technologically advanced military capabilities, and omission of serious review of military doctrine, will lead to Western militaries continuing reliance on methods that make wars Easy due to allowing the state to easily become involved in conflict. However, easy war overlooks that while it is easier for states to commit to conflict, the burdens on citizens have not all but disappeared, but have intensified in certain cases or The concept of easy war revolves around the ability of Western states to sell the idea of waging war to its citizens due to its minimal impacts on them, thereby increasing the ability of Western states to commit war by limiting domestic opposition to it. The ability to commit to and persuade the public that an impending conflict is an easy war largely functions on the basis of the revolution in military affairs (RMA) that developed in the 1980s, culminating in the 1991 Gulf War, and continuing throughout the 1990s. The success that Western militaries have had from these the wars of the 1990s has led to a cognitive dissonance associated with current military capabilities and doctrine, whereby many strategic thinkers and policymakers ignore the failures in these wars and believe that because their militaries are technologically superior, victory is certain and cheap. While there is some truth to the precepts of Easy War, by and large citizens are still affected in significant ways, but changes in how Western states conduct warfare has changed how they are affected and increased how critical citizens are to certain variables. The repercussions of the United States (US) wars shows the fallacy of easy war when taking into account: decreased spending on infrastructure and social programs, massive national debt, ambiguity about the righteous cause of its actions, and an increased sensitivity to causalities in war. Introduction The success of military operations by Western states throughout the 1990s has led to a reliance on the use of technology and concepts of RMA whereby governments can sell war to its citizens as easy. The ability to sell a war as easy to a states population is a result of the systemic change in how Western states organize their military, technological advances, and society interacts with the military. Due in large part to the overwhelming victory in the 1991 Gulf War, many policy makers incorrectly believed that advancements in military technology would allow Western states to ignore the supremacy of politics in war and win with overwhelming force.[1] It took until the invasion of Afghanistan and the 2003 invasion of Iraq that convinced Western states that technology does not always mean victory when you have to acknowledge the politics of the situation. However, there remains a risk that Western states will not learn from these wars, but rather remain committed to easy war with the us e of air and sea power as a means to limit costs and lives. In such an event, there would be little to no chance of true success or resolution to these conflicts. Easy war has two problems that must be addressed. The first problem is that military advancements and change means citizens are not adversely affected by the war and can be sold to them as easy of cost, conscious, and effort.[2] Second, subordinate to Western ways of war making it easy on citizens, the reduced impact on citizens then limits or removes a significant amount of public pressure on the government when seeking to enter into a conflict, thus allowing Western states greater freedom to conduct war. Background Easy war is described by Paul Starr as a war that is easy in the sacrifices it demands of us, easy on our consciences, easy on our pocketbooks.[3] The primary attributes of easy war include: not having to face the adverse effects of mass mobilization, rationing, increased taxes or economic burden, rationing, few causalities, and being guaranteed of our righteous cause while still minimizing civilian deaths.[4] All of these variables are then sold to the public to show that the government not only should conduct war, but that the state is so effective that the citizenry can go about their lives without a worry, knowing that their government is doing good abroad. Easy war is contrasted with the major wars of the 20th century; largely that of the total war environments of World War 1 and World War 2 where citizens had to make significant sacrifices for the good of the country and to ensure full effort by the state in these conflicts.[5] Easy war is a result of the obsession in RMA that emerged from the 1991 Gulf War and Post-Gulf War where the primary military technological innovations were in the areas of intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR); advanced command, control, communications computer applications, and intelligence processing (C4I); and precision fire.[6]ÂÂ   The result of these advancements in military technology meant that the fog of war became easier to overcome, that communication between all levels of the military became quicker, and that targets could be hit with pinpoint accuracy from safe distances.[7]ÂÂ   With the overwhelming victory that these advancements helped to achieve in the 1991 Gulf War caused the belief that focusing purely on advancing military technology would not only ensure that the US and Western states would have dominance in war, but that adversaries would not even threaten the West.[8] The culmination of this thinking led to the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, Iraq in particular was described and sold as being an easy war where the US military would be in and out of Iraq in 90 days, but these conflicts overlooked that military hardware is not everything.[9]ÂÂ   These wars ignored what some strategists argued that military preeminence without an appropriate strategy to shape and utilize it is both dangerous and fleeting.[10] The result of ignoring the strategy to understand the political components of warfare led to protracted and costly wars that were in no way the easy wars the public was sold on. Substantiation Although the critiques on the Western ways of easy war are well founded and offer good critiques, it broadly overlooks the changing landscape of warfare in general and its overall effects on the state and its citizens.Western states have done away with some of the major mechanisms to support states in conflict that disproportionately affects citizens, ie mass mobilization, rationing, drafts, but these are not the only ways that citizens can be affected. These mechanisms are equated with and closely tied to total war, which is not the dominant type of warfare in the 21st century. Rather, warfare for Western states in the 21st century has thus far been largely focused on addressing asymmetric and unconventional threats. To face these new threats Western states have relied upon technology in order to avoid the costs of total war, but with these methods come with new costs of non-traditional war. While Western states sell the public on minimal costs of wars, this is no such thing as cost free. By August 2016 the total costs of the US wars in Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Syria have amounted to $4.79 trillion.[11] Complicating this further is that most of these costs add to the US debt. Interest costs from this debt will at least be $7.9 trillion as a result of these wars, which has been shown to have directly affected the ability of the US to in infrastructure and tens of thousands of jobs.[12]ÂÂ   Comparatively, the cost of the US involvement in the NATO intervention in Libya cost approximately $1.1 billion.[13] Though this shows that a reliance on air power alone, and working with NATO allies, can significantly lower the costs of war, it is by no means free and was only possible due to NATO supporting rebel forces on the ground in Libya. Second to cost, but no less important or severe, is that there are no such thing as bloodless wars and Western states must recognize there are human costs to every war. Despite promises of minimal loss of life that is associated with selling easy war, causalities in Iraq and Afghanistan were in no way low. US military casualties in Afghanistan and Iraq from initial invasion up to March 3rd 2017 have amounted to 6,766.[14] Compared to the total wars of WW1 and WW2, this seems minor, though in the age of professional and small Western militaries, causalities are more significant. A possible result of this as the public becomes accustomed to limited or no casualties, the public will become hyper-sensitive and less accepting of deaths, thus providing a public pressure on the state to not seek war. In addition, what must be accounted for are the short and long term effects on civilians. In its intervention of Libya, NATO had no casualties and limited civilian casualties to 72 deaths.[15] However, the intervention directly led to Libyas current Civil War that has caused over half a million people to flee the country, ongoing fighting, and the Islamic State to gain a foothold in the country.[16] Once it is recognized that there are serious costs in war, it must be acknowledged that the advancements in military technology does not replace strategy or replace diplomacy and political settlement. These facts were once again overlooked in Western states involvement in Libya and currently in Iraq/Syria where the focus is to bomb first and consider the political repercussions afterwards. While Western states may no longer view that a state can be rebuilt in 90 days, there still remains an overall lack of attention to politics. General H.R. McMaster succinctly stated: Be skeptical of concepts that divorce war from its political nature, particularly those that promise fast, cheap victory through technology.[17] Not only are politics essential to avoiding and ending conflict, but can minimize the intensity of the conflict by addressing grievances of communities.[18] Ultimately, even when addressing the political situations of emerging conflicts is essential to the resolution of unconv entional conflicts; Western states will continue to struggle with unconventional enemies in their effort to reconcile its Western values while meeting its security needs. Outlook Despite the heavy investments and advancements in military technology to achieve it, there is no such thing as an easy war. War remains a costly, deadly, and complex affair that requires the recognition that technology cannot solve everything. The cognitive dissonance of this fact whereby Western states are ignoring politics and diplomacy to pursue war to solve complex political problems is evident from conflicts more than from the past five years, but since 2001. More recently, from Libya to Syria, Western states still believe in easy war, but the public is finding this less and less persuasive. As the public increasingly becomes critical of the heavy debt and costs of war, the impact on lives, and the moral ambiguity associated with being involved in such wars, governments will no longer be able to persuasively argue that a war is easy. References Casualty Status. United States Department of Defense. March 03, 2017. Civil War in Libya. Council on Foreign Relations. Accessed March 01, 2017. CNN Wire Staff. CNN Fact Check: Comparing costs of Iraq, Libya missions. CNN. Accessed March 01, 2017. Crawford, Neta C. US Budgetary Costs of Wars through 2016: $4.79 Trillion and Counting Summary of Costs of the US Wars in Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan and Pakistan and Homeland Security. Costs of War, September 2016. Mcmaster, H. R. The Pipe Dream of Easy War. The New York Times. July 20, 2013. Accessed March 01, 2017. Owens, William A. The Emerging U.S. System-of-Systems. National Defense University Strategic Forum, Institute for National Strategic Studies, No. 63, February 1996. Starr, Paul. The Easy War. The American Prospect. Accessed March 01, 2017. Unacknowledged Deaths: Civilian Casualties in NATOs Air Campaign in Libya. Human Rights Watch. October 19, 2015. Accessed March 02, 2017. [1] H. R. Mcmaster, The Pipe Dream of Easy War, The New York Times, July 20, 2013, accessed March 01, 2017. [2] System of systems [3] Paul Starr, The Easy War, The American Prospect, accessed March 01, 2017. [4] Ibid. [5] Ibid. [6] Owens, William A., The Emerging U.S. System-of-Systems, National Defense University Strategic Forum, Institute for National Strategic Studies, No. 63, February 1996, p. 1-2. [7] Ibid. [8] H. R. Mcmaster, The Pipe Dream of Easy War, The New York Times, July 20, 2013, accessed March 01, 2017. [9] Paul Starr, The Easy War, The American Prospect, accessed March 01, 2017. [10] Strategy and RMA page 2 [11] Neta C. Crawford, US Budgetary Costs of Wars through 2016, Costs of War, September 2016. [12] Ibid. [13] CNN Wire Staff, CNN Fact Check: Comparing costs of Iraq, Libya missions, CNN, accessed March 01, 2017. [14] Casualty Status, United States Department of Defense, March 03, 2017. [15] Unacknowledged Deaths, Human Rights Watch, October 19, 2015, accessed March 02, 2017. [16] Civil War in Libya, Council on Foreign Relations, accessed March 01, 2017. [17] H. R. Mcmaster, The Pipe Dream of Easy War, The New York Times, July 20, 2013, accessed March 01, 2017. [18] Ibid.

Saturday, July 20, 2019

Sister Carrie and Their Eyes Were Watching God :: Compare Contrast Comparison

The Struggle for the Perfect Man in Theodore Dreiser’s Sister Carrie and Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God When we find a love interest and have an opportunity to commit to him or her, we usually do, not noting the consequences we may face by doing so. The first few times around, however, the outcome is usually not the one we had expected and hoped for. Theodore Dreiser’s Sister Carrie and Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God portray two young women on their trek to find the perfect love. Even though Carrie Meeber and Janie Crawford have almost nothing in common, they both shared the impact of the same consequences. Carrie and Janie show how people of countless numbers of backgrounds can share the same experiences and consequences through their journey of love. The first relationship often makes a big impact on the person, one that they will never forget. Carrie’s journey begins on her train ride to Chicago. A very handsome and rich man, Drouet, takes note of Carrie and begins talking to her. She becomes overwhelmed at his quick advancement upon her and becomes weak and vulnerable. She quickly takes interest in him and does not know how to act or what to think as shown in this passage: There was something satisfactory in the attention of this individual with good clothes†¦.She realized that she was of interest to him from the one standpoint which a woman both delights in and fears. Her manner was simple, though for the very reason that she had not yet learned the many little affections with which women conceal their true feelings. (pp. 11-12, Sister Carrie) Carrie didn’t know what to expect when she got together with Drouet. She loved the wealth and money, and believed she loved Drouet. After a while she began to realize that she really didn’t love him. But she thought that marriage would be a guarantee against losing his affection and generosity. Janie, on the other hand, was forced into her first relationship, in which this case was a marriage. Janie thought she could grow to love Logan, but did not. She soon learned that marriage did not make love. Logan did nothing wrong, Janie was just looking for something else, someone who could love her the way she wanted to be loved.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the second relationship, things are often thought to be better, but it’s not always the case.

Friday, July 19, 2019

One Deadly Psychotic Break Essay -- Literary Analysis

An online dictionary defines mental illness as â€Å"any of various disorders in which a person's thoughts, emotions, or behavior are so abnormal as to cause suffering to himself†¦or other people;† a second definition is â€Å"any of various psychiatric disorders or diseases, usually characterized by impairment of thought, mood, or behavior† (Thefreedictionary.com). In Edgar Allan Poe’s short story â€Å"Ligeia,† the narrator perfectly satisfies both of the above definitions. In Poe’s story, the nameless narrator’s beautiful wife Ligeia lives with him a short time before she dies. After her death, the narrator re-marries to Rowena, who eventually dies as well. At the conclusion of the story, his first, beloved wife returns to him through the body of Rowena. In reality, however, Poe’s story is far different from what it at first seems. The narrator, under the influence of opium, creates Ligeia in his mind and, when she  "dies,† he kills Rowena himself to bring his first wife back. In the article â€Å"Poe’s Ethereal Ligeia,† Jack and June Davis describe â€Å"Ligeia† as the faulty account of an insane narrator who â€Å"knows Ligeia only through his opium hallucinations but who wants to present her as a real and credible person† (171). The narrator uses Ligeia to chase the elusive secret to eternal life. When she dies, instead of forgoing his search, the narrator procures Rowena in order to present Ligeia with a dead body to return through; thus, he commits murder to carry out his insane plot. Because the narrator of Poe’s story fabricates the existence of his first wife, uses her to pursue eternal life, and kills his second bride to bring Ligeia back, he can be classified as mentally deranged. Ligeia’s unreality is strong evidence for the instability... ...im. What the deranged narrator once perceived as a victory over death is, in reality, nothing more than a drug-induced psychotic break. Works Cited Basler, Roy. "The Interpretation of "Ligeia"." College English. 5.7 (1944): 363-372. Web. 7 Apr. 2012. Basler, Roy, and James Schroeter. "Poe's "Ligeia"." PMLA. 77.5 (1962): 675. Web. 9 Apr. 2012. Davis, Jack L., and June H. Davis. "Poe's Ethereal Ligeia." Bulletin of the Rocky Mountain Modern Language Association. 24.4 (1970): 170-176. Web. 9 Apr. 2012. Espejo, Roman. Mental Illness. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press, 2012. Print. "Mental Illness - Definition." The free dictionary by farlex. Farlex, Inc., 2011. Web. 13 Apr 2012. . Rabkin, Leslie Y. Psychopathology and Literature. San Francisco, CA: Chandler Publishing Company, 1966. Print.

Thursday, July 18, 2019

Local-Color Regionalism in Tennessees Partner Essay -- essays research

The literary movement of local-color regionalism in American literature is a very distinctive and interesting form of fiction writing that effectively combines regional characteristics, dialect, customs and humor. In Bret Harte’s Tennessee’s Partner, these characteristics helped the story jump off the page, allowing the reader to understand the â€Å"times† rather than just the characters. And, for that reason, I feel that this is an outstanding piece of work. One of the most distinguishable characteristics of local-color regionalism writing is the usage of authentic dialect based on the story’s setting. In Tennessee’s Partner, Harte uses this tactic best when quoting the title character. For example, when Tennessee’s Partner suddenly appears in court on behalf of his best friend, Tennessee, his words are carefully written based on how they sounded from his mouth – not on how they should be, grammatically speaking: â€Å"†¦Tennessee, thar, has played it pretty rough and expensive-like on a stranger, and on this yer camp. And now, what’s the fair thing?...Here’s seventeen hundred dollars in coarse gold and a watch, -- it’s about all my pile, – and call it square!† Such talk effectively captures the typical conversation of the Old West and the Gold Rush and gives the reader a feeling of authenticity. Tennessee’s speech is similar, though not nearly as rough. Although not one hand of poker was played throughout the entire story, Tennessee revealed, through his use of words in his every...

Language Policy Essay

LANGUAGE LEGISLATION: VOTER DRIVEN INITIATIVES Kelly M. Jefferson Grand Canyon University: SPE 523 July 23, 2012 The issue of language policy and the education of English language learners (ELLs) in this country has been hotly debated and widely contested. Students who enter our school systems without an understanding of the English language must attain not only conversational proficiency, but also academic literacy in English. Academic literacy is the foundation of school success and necessary for students to master content standards (Echevarria, Short, & Vogt, 2008).All parties agree that ELLs are federally entitled to a quality education once they join this country’s educational system. The debate stems from how to effectively teach students English and core content, simultaneously, in ways that ensure their success within the curriculum. Politicians and educators must also grapple with the dilemma of how to effectively educate non-native students, so as to facilitate their adequate proficiency on a myriad of statewide tests required of all pupils enrolled in public schools.ELLs are concentrated in the urban areas of states like California, Texas, Florida, Illinois, and New York, which have seen the largest influx of English learners within their schools (Boyle, Cadiero-Kaplan, & Peregoy, 2008). Students with limited English proficiency (LEP) made up almost ten percent of the K-12 public school student population in the 2004-2005 school year (Echevarria et al. , 2008). Spanish is the most prevalent primary language (L1) and is spoken by eighty percent of ELLs (Boyle et al. , 2008).In the absence of clear direction at the federal level on how to best prepare ELLs academically, many states have taken the matter into their own hands through various voter initiatives. Arizona, California, and Massachusetts are states that have attempted to solve these questions through ballot initiatives. The voters of each state overwhelmingly adopted a Structured Englis h Immersion (SEI) approach in which ELLs receive all content in English via a sheltering technique that allows learners to understand their instruction.The goal of SEI is language, literacy, and content learning exclusively in English. Each state elected to limit the amount of time ELLs are provided with language assistance to roughly one year, despite research findings that show students need at least five to seven years of language assistance to acquire the English proficiency required for successful academic participation (Boyle et al. , 2008). Arizona’s Proposition 203 was passed in November of 2000 and effectively repealed bilingual education laws in effect at that time.Proposition 203 required all students to be taught in English with the exception of those classified as† English Learners†. Designated pupils are instructed through sheltered English immersion programs (SEI) primarily in English, although a minimal amount of a child’s native language ma y be incorporated, when necessary (â€Å"www. ballotpedia. org†, 2012). Students who demonstrate a solid working knowledge of English are transferred out of the SEI program into a regular English classroom. Parents of identified ELL children have the ability to obtain a waiver that excuses their child from participation in the SEI program.Excused students are often taught English and other content via traditional bilingual education instruction or another recognized instruction method (www. ballotpedia. org, 2012). Parents are also entitled to recoup any actual and compensatory damages they incur as the result of school officials failing to comply with Proposition 203. The Massachusetts English in Public Schools Initiative, known as Question 2, is very similar to the Arizona law, in that Question 2 places a heavy reliance on SEI programs and lessens the availability and access to bilingual education programs.Passed in 2002, the law mandates that all public school children mus t be taught English. All content is delivered in English language classrooms (â€Å"www. ballotpedia. org†, 2012). Children whose native language is not English are educated using the SEI method with minimal access to their native language at their teacher’s discretion. Question 2 allows for children from diverse native language groups to be placed in the same classroom provided their English skills are of similar levels. The law does not affect students with physical and mental impairments in special education programs (â€Å"www. ballotpedia. org†, 2012).Question 2 differs from Arizona’s Proposition 203, in that if twenty or more students in any one grade level at a school obtain waivers that school must offer bilingual education classes in both the child’s native language and English or another type of generally recognized educational program. Question 2 contains some of the same provisions as Proposition 203, such as a parent’s right to sue school officials who obstruct its implementation. English learners in the state undergo annual standardized tests of their English skills and students in grades two and above take annual written standardized tests in English (â€Å"www. allotpedia. org†, 2012). California voters passed Proposition 227 by a huge majority in 1998. The law answered the question of how to educate English language learners in that state by putting in place a statewide SEI program and drastically eliminating access to bilingual education programs (Purcell, 2002). In sync with similar initiatives in Arizona and Massachusetts, Proposition 227 calls for the education of all children in English by being taught in English. The law allows LEP students one year of language assistance before they are mainstreamed into total English speaking classrooms.Each piece of legislation fails to consider the body of research that finds that nonnative speakers need anywhere from five to seven years of language in struction in order to attain a level of proficiency within a second language. The laws also neglect studies that prove that time spent learning in a student’s native tongue does not negate English language development, but enhances it due the transference of literacy skills from one language to another (Purcell, 2002). Also, within the pressurized and time constrained settings of many SEI programs, students are not granted the involuntary and often incidental tmosphere that language development often occurs in. Without necessary native language instruction amid an English language deficit, many LEP students have failed to attain the level of academic achievement and English language proficiency entitled to them. References Arizona english language education for children in public schools, proposition 203 (2000). (2012, February 28). Retrieved from http://ballotpedia. org/wiki/index. php/Arizona_English_Language. Boyle, O. F. , Cadiero-Kaplan, K. , & Peregoy, S. F. (2008). Rea ding, writing, and learning in ESL: A resource book for K-12 teachers.Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Echevarria, J. , Short, D. J. , & Vogt, M. (2008). Making content comprehensible for English learners: The SIOP Model. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Massachusetts english in public schools initiative, question 2 (2002). (2012, February 27). Retrieved from http://www. ballotpedia. org/wiki/index. php/Massachusetts_Question 2. Purcell, J. (2002). The foundations and current impact of california’s proposition 227. Retrieved February 28, 2012 from U. S Department of Education, Educational Resources Information Center: http://www. eric. ed. gov.

Wednesday, July 17, 2019

Malaysian Financial Reporting Standard 116 Essay

Malayan fiscal account exemplar 116Property, launch and EquipmentThis mutation embarrasss am expiryments resulting from MFRSs with telling meets no ulterior than 1 January 2012.Am oddmentments with an in do(p) examine later than 1 January 2012 MFRS 116 has been amend by MFRS 13 Fair Value touchstone*. As those amendments do an effective visualize later on(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) 1 January 2012 they be non include in this edition. *effective date 1 January 2013559MFRS 116CONTENTS dissevers Preface INTRODUCTION IN1IN15 Malayan FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARD 116 PROPERTY, comprise AND EQUIPMENT OBJECTIVE SCOPE DEFINITIONS intelligence sign comprise resultant salutes step AT RECOGNITION Elements of constitute bar of toll MEASUREMENT AFTER RECOGNITION Cost sit around review molding live and tear Depreci qualified sum supply of money and disparagement occlusive wear and tear flair outrage internet for outrage DERECOGNITION DISCLOSU RE TRANSITIONAL furnish EFFECTIVE DATE WITHDRAWAL OF new(prenominal)wise(a) PRONOUNCEMENTS 1 25 6 714 11 1214 1528 1622 2328 2966 30 3142 4362 5059 6062 63 6566 6772 7379 80 8181E 8283560IFRS bunsMFRS 116 Malayan pecuniary describe meter 116 Property, nominate and Equipment (MFRS 116) is rear out in splits 183. exclusively told the paragraphs hold back equal authority. MFRS 116 should be consider in the con schoolbook of its objective and the ass for Conclusions, the Foreword to fiscal Reporting old-hats and the conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting. MFRS 108 score Policies, Changes in chronicle Estimates and Errors provides a infrastructure for selecting and imposeing history policies in the absence of explicit counseling.IFRS al-Qaida561MFRS 116PrefaceThe Malaysian Accounting prototypes bill (MASB) is implementing its insurance of point of intersection through adopting worldwide Financial Reporting steps (IFRSs) as issued by the global Account ing trites Board (IASB) for coating for yearly boundarys show clip on or aft(prenominal)ward 1 January 2012. The IASB defines IFRSs as comprising (a) International Financial Reporting normals(b) International Accounting hackneyeds (c) IFRIC Interpretations and(d) SIC Interpretations. Malaysian Financial Reporting Standards (MFRSs) akin to IFRSs that pass on to both inform goal extraction on or subsequently 1 January 2012 ar (a) Malaysian Financial Reporting Standards and(b) IC Interpretations. First-time occupation of MFRSs alike to IFRSs Application of this Standard everyow for begin in the first-time adopters * first yearbook reporting level beginning on or by and by(prenominal) 1 January 2012 in the contextof adopting MFRSs equivalent to IFRSs. In this case, the requirements of MFRS 1 First-time Adoption of Malaysian Financial Reporting Standards must be observed. Application of MFRS 1 is needful as otherwisewise much(prenominal) pecuniary statements testament non be able to take a firm stand shape with IFRS. MFRS 1, the Malaysian equivalent of IFRS 1 First-time Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards, requires prior rate of carry randomness, presented as inter cut information, to be re express as if the requirements of MFRSs effective for yearly detail beginning on or later 1 January 2012 have invariably been utilise, except when it (1) prohibits retrospective covering in nigh aspects or (2) allows the first-time adopter to routine one or more of the exemptions or exceptions contained in that respectin.This means that, in preparing its first MFRS pecuniary statements* for a fiscal gunpoint beginning on or after 1 January 2012, the first-time adopter shall refer to the viands contained in MFRS 1 on matters relating to transition and effective dates instead of the transitional provision and effective date contained in the individual MFRSs. This disaccords from preliminary requirements w here an entity accounted for counter metamorphoses of bill policies in unanimity with the specialized transitional provisions contained in the respective Financial Reporting Standards (FRSs) or in accord with FRS 108 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors when the FRS did non include crock upicular proposition transitional provisions.*Appendix A of MFRS 1 defines first-time adopter and first MFRS financial statements.562MFRS 116 In this regard the effective and effect dates contained in this Standard be those of the IASBs and ar inapplicable in the untried MFRS framework since MFRS 1 requirements go forth be put through on 1 January 2012. par and compliance with IAS 16 MFRS 116 is equivalent to IAS 16 Property, constitute and Equipment as issued and amended by the IASB, including the effective and issuance dates. Entities that comply with MFRS 116 willsimultaneously be in compliance with IAS 16.563MFRS 116IntroductionIN1 International Accoun ting Standard 16 Property, Plant and Equipment (IAS 16) replaces IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment (revise in 1998), and should be use for yearly finiss beginning on or after 1 January 2005. Earlier application is encouraged. The Standard in like manner replaces the by-line Interpretations SIC-6 Costs of Modifying subsisting Softw ar SIC-14 Property, Plant and Equipment stipend for the Impairment or Loss of Items SIC-23 Property, Plant and Equipmentmajor(ip) limited review or Overhaul Costs.IASBs reasons for revising IAS 16IN2 The International Accounting Standards Board developed this revised IAS 16 as wear out of its project on Improvements to International Accounting Standards. The project was at a lower placetaken in the light of queries and criticisms raised in coition to the Standards by securities regulators, sea captain accountants and other followinged take leaveies. The objectives of the project were to reduce or rule in alternatives, redundancies and c onflicts at bottom the Standards, to deal with most convergence issues and to make other improvements. For IAS 16 the IASBs main(prenominal)(prenominal) objective was a express revision to provide agreeitional guidance and clarification on selected matters. The IASB did non reckon the fundamental approach to the score for quality, arrange and equipment contained in IAS 16.IN3The main changes of IAS 16IN4 The main changes from the foregoing interpretation of IAS 16 atomic number 18 draw below.ScopeIN5 This Standard clarifies that an entity is read to apply the rationales of this Standard to features of property, coiffure and equipment apply to develop or maintain (a) biological appurtenances and (b) mineral rights and mineral reserves much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as oil, natural gas and confusable non-regenerative resources. citation ulterior beIN6 An entity treasures down the stairs the general university extension article of faith all property, go under(a) and equipment terms at the time they ar incurred. Those footing include be incurred ab initio to acquire or fix an tip of property, make and equipment and make up incurred afterwards to add to, replace secern of, or swear out an feature. The previous interlingual rendition of IAS 16 contained two realisation principles. An entity applied the sec apprehension principle to subsequent be. 564IFRS creative activityMFRS 116 meter at identification plus dismantlement, remotion and restoration greet IN7 The price of an concomitant of property, all told kit and equipment includes the exist of its dismantlement, removal or restoration, the covenant for which an entity incurs as a consequence of installing the compass point. Its represent in some(prenominal) case includes the be of its dismantlement, removal or restoration, the obligation for which an entity incurs as a consequence of development the relic during a sor ticular catch for takes other than to disc over inventories during that utmost. The previous version of IAS 16 include within its kitchen range scarce the constitutes incurred as a consequence of installing the head.Measurement at identification plus flip-flop proceedingsIN8 An entity is required to flier an specific of property, prove and equipment acquired in exchange for a non-monetary summation or additions, or a crew of monetary and non-monetary additions, at decent jimmy un little the exchange operation lacks commercial message core. at a lower place the previous version of IAS 16, an entity postingd much(prenominal) an acquired summation at delightful respect un slight the exchanged summations were uniform.Measurement after science recap puzzleIN9 If seemly tax can be mensural reliably, an entity whitethorn carry all points of property, set and equipment of a discipline at a re take to bed arrive, which is the pretty regard as of the decimal points at the date of the brushup slight either subsequent accrued disparagement and hive away trauma expirationes. below the previous version of IAS 16, accustom of re jimmyd tot ups did non depend on whether moderately set were reliably metrical.Depreciation unit of measureIN10 An entity is required to determine the disparagement belt clearly for respectively epoch-making part of an accompaniment of property, congeal and equipment. The previous version of IAS 16 did not as clear set out this requirement.Depreciation depreciable metreIN11 An entity is required to measure the relaxation repute of an token of property, countersink and equipment as the essence it regards it would receive soon for the plus if the plus were already of the age and in the watch anticipate at the end of its helpful living. The previous version of IAS 16 did not specify whether the repose c atomic number 18 for was to be this numerate or the sum up, inclusive of the personal effects of inflation, that an entity expect to receive in the next on the summations existent retirement date.Depreciation disparagement stayIN12 An entity is required to begin depreciating an distributor point of property, vegetation and equipment when it is available for drill and to hold open depreciating it until it IFRS fanny565MFRS 116 is de recognized, stock-still if during that period the occurrence is deadened. The previous version of IAS 16 did not specify when dispraise of an degree began and stipulate that an entity should cease depreciating an feature that it had retired from fighting(a) use and was holding for disposal.De cognition derecognition dateIN13 An entity is required to derecognise the carrying issue forth of an spot of property, im countersink and equipment that it disposes of on the date the criteria for the exchange of goods in IAS 18 Revenue would be met. The previous version of IAS 16 did not require an entity to use those criteria to determine the date on which it de accepted the carrying standard of a give-of keepsake of property, set out and equipment. An entity is required to derecognise the carrying cadence of a part of an breaker point of property, deeds and equipment if that part has been replaced and the entity has include the personify of the fill-in in the carrying marrow of the detail. The previous version of IAS 16 did not extend its derecognition principle to much(prenominal) separate rather, its recognition principle for subsequent expenditures effectively precluded the cost of a electrical switch from being included in the carrying essence of the circumstance.IN14Derecognition pee layerificationIN15 An entity cannot crystalize as receipts a cause it realises on the disposal of an feature of property, comprise and equipment. The previous version of IAS 16 did not contain this provision.566IFRS assMFRS 116Malaysian Financial Reporting Standard 116 P roperty, Plant and Equipment clinical1 The objective of this Standard is to put the be treatment for property, give and equipment so that users of the financial statements can discern information about an entitys investment in its property, represent and equipment and the changes in such investment. The principal issues in accounting for property, localise and equipment atomic number 18 the recognition of the summations, the determination of their carrying measures and the dispraise perpetrations and impediment losses to be set in relation to them.Scope2 This Standard shall be applied in accounting for property, whole kit and caboodle and equipment except when another Standard requires or permits a dis alike(p) accounting treatment. This Standard does not apply to (a) property, set and equipment classified as held for sales event in uniformity with MFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and discontinue Operations3(b) biological pluss cogitate to agricultural a ctivity (see MFRS 141 Agriculture) (c) the recognition and step of exploration and evaluation pluss (see MFRS 6 geographic expedition for and Evaluation of Mineral Resources) or(d) mineral rights and mineral reserves such as oil, natural gas and similar non-regenerative resources. However, this Standard applies to property, seed and equipment employ to develop or maintain the pluss described in (b)(d). 4 Other Standards whitethorn require recognition of an item of property, ground and equipment based on an approach different from that in this Standard.For example, MFRS 117 Leases requires an entity to evaluate its recognition of an item of readd property, bring and equipment on the groundwork of the transfer of risks and rewards. However, in such cases other aspects of the accounting treatment for these summations, including dispraise, are prescribed by this Standard. An entity use the cost shape for investment property in consistency with MFRS 140 enthronization P roperty shall use the cost model in this Standard.5Definitions6 The by-line terms are used in this Standard with the meanings specified IFRS al-Qaeda567MFRS 116 Carrying follow is the number at which an plus is recognize after deducting every(prenominal)(prenominal) stack away dispraise and accumulated impairment losses. Cost is the measuring stick of exchange or cash equivalents paying(a) or the charming value of the other consideration disposed to acquire an addition at the time of its erudition or tress or, where applicable, the summate attributed to that summation when initially appreciate in symmetry of rights with the specific requirements of other MFRSs, eg MFRS 2 Share-based Payment. Depreciable essence is the cost of an addition, or other touchstone substituted for cost, less its counterweight value. Depreciation is the overbearing assignation of the depreciable totality of an addition over its effectual life. Entity-specific value is the presen t value of the cash flows an entity expects to arise from the continuing use of an asset and from its disposal at the end of its useable life or expects to incur when settling a liability.Fair value is the sum up for which an asset could be exchanged among knowledgeable, willing parties in an arms length consummation. An impairment loss is the sum total by which the carrying measurement of an asset overcomes its redeemable amount. Property, arrange and equipment are tangible items that (a) are held for use in the intersection or supply of goods or services, for rental to others, or for administrative exercises and (b) are expected to be used during more than one period. recoverable amount is the higher of an assets upright value less cost to sell and its value in use. The quietus value of an asset is the regardd amount that an entity would currently come up from disposal of the asset, after deducting the estimated costs of disposal, if the asset were already of the age and in the condition expected at the end of its utilizable life. Useful life is (a) the period over which an asset is expected to be available for use by an entityor (b) the number of produceion or similar units expected to be obtained from the asset by an entity.Recognition7 The cost of an item of property, place and equipment shall be recognize as an asset if, and exclusively if (a) it is probable that prospective stintingal benefits associated with the item will flow to the entity and (b) the cost of the item can be mensurable reliably. 568IFRS FoundationMFRS 116 8 additional move and table service equipment are commonly carried as inventory and recognized in earnings or loss as consumed. However, major spare parts and stand-by equipment discipline as property, plant and equipment when an entity expects to use them during more than one period. Similarly, if the spare parts and run equipment can be used only in friendship with an item of property, plant and eq uipment, they are accounted for as property, plant and equipment.This Standard does not prescribe the unit of measure for recognition, ie what constitutes an item of property, plant and equipment. Thus, brain is required in applying the recognition criteria to an entitys specific circumstances. It whitethorn be inhibit to aggregate individually in profound items, such as moulds, tools and dies, and to apply the criteria to the aggregate value. An entity evaluates under this recognition principle all its property, plant and equipment costs at the time they are incurred. These costs include costs incurred initially to acquire or construct an item of property, plant and equipment and costs incurred subsequently to add to, replace part of, or service it.910Initial costs11 Items of property, plant and equipment whitethorn be acquired for safety or environmental reasons. The acquisition of such property, plant and equipment, although not outright increasing the early economical benef its of any particular existing item of property, plant and equipment, may be essential for an entity to obtain the emerging economic benefits from its other assets. much(prenominal) items of property, plant and equipment qualify for recognition as assets because they enable an entity to derive emerging economic benefits from link assets in excess of what could be derived had those items not been acquired. For example, a chemic shaper may install new chemical handling processes to comply with environmental requirements for the merchandiseion and storage of dangerous chemicals cerebrate plant enhancements are recognised as an asset because without them the entity is unable to manufacture and sell chemicals. However, the resulting carrying amount of such an asset and related assets is reviewed for impairment in accordance with MFRS 136 Impairment of Assets.Subsequent costs12 Under the recognition principle in paragraph 7, an entity does not recognise in the carrying amount of a n item of property, plant and equipment the costs of the day-to-day servicing of the item. Rather, these costs are recognised in amplification or loss as incurred. Costs of day-to-day servicing are primarily the costs of labour and consumables, and may include the cost of small parts. The purpose of these expenditures is often described as for the repairs and sustenance of the item of property, plant and equipment. Parts of some items of property, plant and equipment may require transposition at regular intervals. For example, a furnace may require relining 13IFRS Foundation569MFRS 116 after a specified number of hours of use, or aircraft interiors such as seats and galleys may require switch several time during thelife of the airframe. Items of property, plant and equipment may excessively be acquired to make a less frequently recurring replacement, such as replacing the interior walls of a building, or to make a nonrecurring replacement. Under the recognition principle in par agraph 7, an entity recognises in the carrying amount of an item of property, plant and equipment the cost of replacing part of such an item when that cost is incurred if the recognition criteria are met. The carrying amount of those parts that are replaced is derecognised in accordance with the derecognition provisions of this Standard (see paragraphs 6772). 14 A condition of continuing to mould an item of property, plant and equipment (for example, an aircraft) may be performing regular major superintendences for faults heedless of whether parts of the item are replaced.When from each one major reappraisal is performed, its cost is recognised in the carrying amount of the item of property, plant and equipment as a replacement if the recognition criteria are satisfied. Any remaining carrying amount of the cost of the previous inspection (as pellucid from physical parts) is derecognised. This occurs regardless of whether the cost of the previous inspection was identified in th e accomplishment in which the item was acquired or constructed. If essential, the estimated cost of a future similar inspection may be used as an indication of what the cost of the existing inspection component was when the item was acquired or constructed.Measurement at recognition15 An item of property, plant and equipment that qualifies for recognition as an asset shall be measured at its cost.Elements of cost16 The cost of an item of property, plant and equipment comprises (a) its purchase price, including import duties and non-refundable purchase taxes, after deducting trade discounts and rebates.(b) any costs now attributable to bringing the asset to the localization of function and condition necessary for it to be overt of operative in the manner mean by management. (c) the initial estimate of the costs of dismantling and removing the item and restoring the site on which it is located, theobligation for which an entity incurs either when the item is acquired or as a co nsequence of having used the item during a particular period for purposes other than to produce inventories during that period.17Examples of straight off attributable costs are (a) costs of employee benefits (as defined in MFRS 119 Employee Benefits) arising directly from the twist or acquisition of the item of property, plant and equipment570IFRS FoundationMFRS 116 (b) costs of site readiness (c) initial delivery and handling costs(d) installation and assembly costs (e) costs of testing whether the asset is functioning properly, after deducting the net harvest from selling any items produced succession bringing the asset to that military position and condition (such as samples produced when testing equipment) and professional fees.(f) 18An entity applies MFRS 102 Inventories to the costs of obligations for dismantling, removing and restoring the site on which an item is located that are incurred during a particular period as a consequence of having used the item to produce inv entories during that period. The obligations for costs accounted for in accordance with MFRS 102 or MFRS 116 are recognised and measured in accordance with MFRS 137 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets. Examples of costs that are not costs of an item of property, plant and equipment are (a) costs of first step a new facility19(b) costs of introducing a new product or service (including costs of advertizement and promotional activities) (c) costs of conducting business in a new mend or with a new class of node (including costs of staff training) and(d) administration and other general overhead costs. 20 Recognition of costs in the carrying amount of an item of property, plant and equipment ceases when the item is in the localisation and condition necessary for it to be resourceful of operating in the manner intend by management. Therefore, costs incurred in apply or redeploying an item are not included in the carrying amount of that item. For example, the f ollowing costs are not included in the carrying amount of an item of property, plant and equipment (a) costs incurred while an item open(a) of operating in the manner mean by management has yet to be brought into use or is operated at less than full potentiality(b) initial operating losses, such as those incurred while demand for the items output builds up and (c) 21 costs of relocating or reorganising part or all of an entitys operations. many operations occur in connection with the body structure or development of an item of property, plant and equipment, but are not necessary to bring the item to the localization of function and condition necessary for it to be surefooted of operating in the manner think by management. These incident operations may occur in advance or during the construction or development activities. For example, income may be earned through victimization a building site as a car park until construction starts. Because incidental operations are not IFRS Foundation571MFRS 116 necessary to bring an item to the location and condition necessaryfor it to be loose of operating in the manner intend by management, the income and related expenses of incidental operations are recognised in lolly or loss and included in their respective classifications of income and expense. 22 The cost of a self-constructed asset is compulsive utilise the resembling principles as for an acquired asset. If an entity makes similar assets for sale in the normal track of business, the cost of the asset is usually the equal as the cost of constructing an asset for sale (see MFRS 102). Therefore, any inner profitss are eliminated in arriving at such costs. Similarly, the cost of abnormal amounts of raddled material, labour, or other resources incurred in self-constructing an asset is not included in the cost of the asset. MFRS 123 Borrowing Costs establishes criteria for the recognition of divert as a component of the carrying amount of a self-constructe d item of property, plant and equipment.Measurement of cost23 The cost of an item of property, plant and equipment is the cash price equivalent at the recognition date. If pay is deferred beyond normal credit terms, the loss between the cash price equivalent and the total payment is recognised as interest over the period of credit unless such interest is capitalised in accordance with MFRS 123. ane or more items of property, plant and equipment may be acquired in exchange for a non-monetary asset or assets, or a combination of monetary and non-monetary assets. The following raillery refers simply to an exchange of one non-monetary asset for another, but it also applies to all exchanges described in the preceding sentence.The cost of such an item of property, plant and equipment is measured at second-rate value unless (a) the exchange execution lacks commercial substance or (b) the reasonable value of neither the asset stock nor the asset given up is reliably measurable. The acquired item is measured in this management even if an entity cannot immediately derecognise the asset given up. If the acquired item is not measured at fair value, its cost is measured at the carrying amount of the asset given up. An entity determines whether an exchange accomplishment has commercial substance by considering the extent to which its future cash flows are expected to change as a result of the transaction. An exchange transaction has commercial substance if (a) the condition (risk, quantify and amount) of the cash flows of the assetreceived differs from the configuration of the cash flows of the asset transferred or2425(b) the entity-specific value of the piece of ground of the entitys operations tingeed by the transaction changes as a result of the exchange and (c) the difference in (a) or (b) is significant relative to the fair value of the assets exchanged.For the purpose of rule whether an exchange transaction has commercial substance, the entity-specific value of the portion of the entitys 572 IFRS FoundationMFRS 116 operations affected by the transaction shall reflect post-tax cash flows. The result of these analyses may be clear without an entity having to perform slender calculations. 26 The fair value of an asset for which comparable commercialiseplace transactions do not exist is reliably measurable if (a) the variability in the range of sound fair value estimates is not significant for that asset or (b) the probabilities of the various estimates within the range can be moderately assessed and used in estimating fair value. If an entity is able to determine reliably the fair value of either the asset received or the asset given up, therefore the fair value of the asset given up is used to measure the cost of the asset received unless the fair value of the asset received is more clearly evident. The cost of an item of property, plant and equipment held by a lessee under a finance lease is headstrong in accordance with MF RS 117. The carrying amount of an item of property, plant and equipment may be reduced by government grants in accordance with MFRS 120 Accounting for administration Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance.27 28Measurement after recognition29 An entity shall choose either the cost model in paragraph 30 or the review model in paragraph 31 as its accounting policy and shall apply that policy to an entire class of property, plant and equipment.Cost model30 After recognition as an asset, an item of property, plant and equipment shall be carried at its cost less any accumulated wear and tear and any accumulated impairment losses.Revaluation model31 After recognition as an asset, an item of property, plant and equipment whose fair value can be measured reliably shall be carried at a revalued amount, being its fair value at the date of the critical review less any subsequent accumulated wear and tear and subsequent accumulated impairment losses. Revaluations shall be make with sufficient regularity to ensure that the carrying amount does not differ materially from that which would be determined using fair value at the end of the reporting period. The fair value of arena and buildings is usually determined from market-based evidence by appraisal that is commonly undertaken by professionally qualified valuers. The fair value of items of plant and equipment is usually their market value determined by appraisal. If there is no market-based evidence of fair value because of the specialised nature of the item of property, plant and equipment and the item is rarely3233IFRS Foundation573MFRS 116 sold, except as part of a continuing business, an entity may regard to estimate fair value using an income or a detract fromd replacement cost approach. 34 The frequency of revaluations depends upon the changes in fair values of the items of property, plant and equipment being revalued. When the fair value of a revalued asset differs materially from its carrying amoun t, a further revaluation is required. more or less items of property, plant and equipment experience significant and quicksilver(a) changes in fair value, thus necessitating yearly revaluation. such frequent revaluations are needless for items of property, plant and equipment with only insignificant changes in fair value. Instead, it may be necessary to revalue the item only every three or five years. When an item of property, plant and equipment is revalued, any accumulated wear and tear at the date of the revaluation is treated in one of the following shipway (a) restated proportionately with the change in the tax income carrying amount of the asset so that the carrying amount of the asset after revaluation equals its revalued amount. This manner is often used when an asset is revalued by means of applying an index to determine its underrated replacement cost.35(b) eliminated against the gross(a) carrying amount of the asset and the net amount restated to the revalued am ount of the asset. This order acting is often used for buildings. The amount of the adjustment arising on the restatement or elimination of accumulated depreciation forms part of the sum up or decrease in carrying amount that is accounted for in accordance with paragraphs 39 and 40. 36 If an item of property, plant and equipment is revalued, the entire class of property, plant and equipment to which that asset belongs shall be revalued. A class of property, plant and equipment is a crowding of assets of a similar nature and use in an entitys operations. The following are examples of separate classes (a) land37(b) land and buildings (c) machinery(d) ships (e) (f) aircraft get vehicles(g) furniture and fixtures and (h) office equipment.574IFRS FoundationMFRS 116 38 The items within a class of property, plant and equipment are revalued simultaneously to avoid discriminating revaluation of assets and the reporting of amounts in the financial statements that are a mixture of costs and values as at different dates. However, a class of assets may be revalued on a rolling basis provided revaluation of the class of assets is completed within a short period and provided the revaluations are kept up to date. If an assets carrying amount is ontogenyd as a result of a revaluation, the increase shall be recognised in other general income and accumulated in equity under the heading of revaluation pointless. However, the increase shall be recognised in profit or loss to the extent that it reverses a revaluation decrease of the same asset antecedently recognised in profit or loss. If an assets carrying amount is decrease as a result of a revaluation, the decrease shall be recognised in profit or loss.However, the decrease shall be recognised in other panoptic income to the extent of any credit rest period existing in the revaluation prodigality in respect of that asset. The decrease recognised in other encyclopedic income reduces the amount accumulated in equity under the heading of revaluation surplus. The revaluation surplus included in equity in respect of an item of property, plant and equipment may be transferred directly to retained earnings when the asset is derecognised. This may charter transferring the whole of the surplus when the asset is retired or disposed of. However, some of the surplus may be transferred as the asset is used by an entity. In such a case, the amount of the surplus transferred would be the difference between depreciation based on the revalued carrying amount of the asset anddepreciation based on the assets original cost. Transfers from revaluation surplus to retained earnings are not made through profit or loss. The effects of taxes on income, if any, resulting from the revaluation of property, plant and equipment are recognised and disclose in accordance with MFRS 112 Income Taxes.39404142Depreciation43 Each part of an item of property, plant and equipment with a cost that is significant in relation to the total cost of the item shall be depreciated separately. An entity allocates the amount initially recognised in respect of an item of property, plant and equipment to its significant parts and depreciates separately each such part. For example, it may be reserve to depreciate separately the airframe and engines of an aircraft, whether owned or subject to a finance lease. Similarly, if an entity acquires property, plant and equipment subject to an operating lease in which it is the lessor, it may be appropriate to depreciate separately amounts reflected in the cost of that item that are attributable to favourable or unfavourable lease terms relative to market terms.44IFRS Foundation575MFRS 116 45 A significant part of an item of property, plant and equipment may have a useful life and a depreciation system that are the same as the useful life and the depreciation method of another significant part of that same item. Such parts may be grouped in determining the depreciation charge. To the extent that an entity depreciates separately some parts of an item of property, plant and equipment, it also depreciates separately the remainder of the item. The remainder consists of the parts of the item that are individually not significant. If an entity has vary expectations for these parts, approximation techniques may be necessary to depreciate the remainder in a manner that faithfully represents the habit grade and/or useful life of its parts. An entity may choose to depreciate separately the parts of an item that do not have a cost that is significant in relation to the total cost of the item. The depreciation charge for each period shall be recognised in profit or loss unless it is included in the carrying amount of another asset.The depreciation charge for a period is usually recognised in profit or loss. However, sometimes, the future economic benefits embody in an asset are absorbed in producing other assets. In this case, the depreciation charge constitutes part of the cost of the other asset and is included in its carrying amount. For example, the depreciation of manufacturing plant and equipment is included in the costs of conversion of inventories (see MFRS 102). Similarly, depreciation of property, plant and equipment used for development activities may be included in the cost of an nonphysical asset recognised in accordance with MFRS 138 Intangible Assets. Depreciable amount and depreciation period 50 51 The depreciable amount of an asset shall be allocated on a systematic basis over its useful life.The residual value and the useful life of an asset shall be reviewed at least(prenominal) at each financial year-end and, if expectations differ from previous estimates, the change(s) shall be accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate in accordance with MFRS 108 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors. Depreciation is recognised even if the fair value of the asset exceeds its carrying amount, as long as the assets residual value does not exceed its carrying amount. Repair and sustentation of an asset do not negate the need to depreciate it. The depreciable amount of an asset is determined after deducting its residual value. In practice, the residual value of an asset is ofteninsignificant and therefrom immaterial in the calculation of the depreciable amount. The residual value of an asset may increase to an amount equal to or greater than the assets carrying amount. If it does, the assets depreciation charge is4647 48 49525354576IFRS FoundationMFRS 116 zero unless and until its residual value subsequently decreases to an amount below the assets carrying amount. 55 Depreciation of an asset begins when it is available for use, ie when it is in the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management. Depreciation of an asset ceases at the introductory of the date that the asset is classified as held for sale (or included in a d isposal group that is classified as held for sale) in accordance with MFRS 5 and the date that the asset is derecognised. Therefore, depreciation does not cease when the asset becomes idle or is retired from progressive use unless the asset is fully depreciated.However, under usage methods of depreciation the depreciation charge can be zero while there is no production. The future economic benefits embodied in an asset are consumed by an entity mainly through its use. However, other factors, such as technical or commercial obsolescence and wear and tear while an asset stay idle, often result inthe drop-off of the economic benefits that might have been obtained from the asset. Consequently, all the following factors are considered in determining the useful life of an asset (a) expected usage of the asset. Usage is assessed by reference to the assets expected capacity or physical output.56(b) expected physical wear and tear, which depends on operational factors such as the number of shifts for which the asset is to be used and the repair and maintenance programme, and the care and maintenance of the asset while idle. (c) technical or commercial obsolescence arising from changes or improvements in production, or from a change in the market demand for the product or service output of the asset.(d) judicial or similar limits on the use of the asset, such as the expiry dates of related leases. 57 The useful life of an asset is defined in terms of the assets expected utility to the entity. The asset management policy of the entity may involve the disposal of assets after a specified time or after wasting disease of a specified proportion of the future economic benefits embodied in the asset. Therefore, the useful life of an asset may be shorter than its economic life. The estimation of the useful life of the asset is a matter of understanding based on the experience of the entity with similar assets.Land and buildings are separable assets and are accounted for separately, even when they are acquired together. With some exceptions, such as quarries and sites used for landfill, land has an inexhaustible useful life and therefore is not depreciated. Buildings have a special useful life and therefore are depreciable assets. An increase in the value of the land on which a building stands does not affect the determination of the depreciable amount of the building. If the cost of land includes the costs of site dismantlement, removal and restoration, that portion of the land asset is depreciated over the period of benefits obtained by incurring those costs. In some cases, the land itself may5859IFRS Foundation577MFRS 116 have a limited useful life, in which case it is depreciated in a manner that reflects the benefits to be derived from it. Depreciation method 60 61 The depreciation method used shall reflect the configuration in which the assets future economic benefits are expected to be consumed by the entity. The depreciation method appli ed to an asset shall be reviewed at least at each financial year-end and, if there has been a significant change in the expected figure of consumption of the future economic benefits embodied in the asset, the method shall be changed to reflect the changed strain. Such a change shall be accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate in accordance with MFRS 108. A variety of depreciation methods can be used to allocate the depreciable amount of an asset on a systematic basis over its useful life.These methods include the straight-line method, the lessen balance method and the units of production method. Straight-line depreciation results in a constant charge over the useful life if the assets residual value does not change. The diminishing balance method results in a decreasing charge over the useful life. The units of production method results in a charge based on the expected use or output. The entity selects the method that most closely reflects the expected pattern of con sumption of the future economic benefits embodied in the asset. That method is applied consistently from period to period unless there is a change in the expected pattern of consumption of those future economic benefits.62Impairment63 To determine whether an item of property, plant and equipment is impaired, an entity applies MFRS 136 Impairment of Assets. That Standard explains how an entity reviews the carrying amount of its assets, how it determines the recoverable amount of an asset, and when it recognises, or reverses the recognition of, an impairment loss. Deleted by IASB64Compensation for impairment65 Compensation from terce parties for items of property, plant and equipment that were impaired, lost or given up shall be included in profit or loss when the wages becomes receivable. Impairments or losses of items of property, plant and equipment, related claims for or payments of compensation from third parties and any subsequent purchase or construction of replacement assets are separate economic events and are accounted for separately as follows (a) impairments of items of property, plant and equipment are recognised in accordance with MFRS 13666578IFRS FoundationMFRS 116 (b) derecognition of items of property, plant and equipment retired or disposed of is determined in accordance with this Standard (c) compensation from third parties for items of property, plant and equipment that were impaired, lost or given up is included in determining profit or loss when it becomes receivable and(d) the cost of items of property, plant and equipment restored, purchased or constructed as replacements is determined in accordance with this Standard.Derecognition67 The carrying amount of an item of property, plant and equipment shall be derecognised (a) on disposal or (b) when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal. 68 The gain or loss arising from the derecognition of an item of property, plant and equipment shall be included in profit or loss when the item is derecognised (unless MFRS 117 requires otherwise on a sale and leaseback). Gains shall not be classified as revenue. However, an entity that, in the course of its ordinary activities, routinely sells items of property, plant and equipment that it has held for rental to others shall transfer such assets to inventories at their carrying amount when they cease to be rented and become held for sale. The proceeds from the sale of such assets shall be recognised as revenue in accordance with MFRS 118 Revenue. MFRS 5 does not apply when assets that are held for sale in the ordinary course of business are transferred to inventories.The disposal of an item of property, plant and equipment may occur in a variety of ways (eg by sale, by entering into a finance lease or by donation). In determining the date of disposal of an item, an entity applies the criteria in MFRS 118 for recognising revenue from the sale of goods. MFRS 117 applies to disposal by a sale and leaseback. If, under the recognition principle in paragraph 7, an entity recognises in the carrying amount of an item of property, plant and equipment the cost of a replacement for part of the item, then it derecognises the carrying amount of the replaced part regardless of whether the replaced part had been depreciated separately. If it is not practicable for an entity to determine the carrying amount of the replaced part, it may use the cost of the replacement as an indication of what the cost of the replaced part was at the time it was acquired or constructed. The gain or loss arising from the derecognition of an item of property, plant and equipment shall be determined as the difference between the net disposal proceeds, if any, and the carrying amount of the item.68A697071IFRS Foundation579MFRS 116 72 The consideration receivable on disposal of an item of property, plant and equipment is recognised initially at its fair value. If payment for the item is deferred, the consideration receiv ed is recognised initially at the cash price equivalent. The difference between the nominal amount of the consideration and the cash price equivalent is recognised as interest revenue in accordance with MFRS 118 reflecting the effective afford on the receivable.Disclosure73 The financial statements shall disclose, for each class of property, plant and equipment (a) the measurement bases used for determining the gross carrying amount (b) the depreciation methods used (c) the useful lives or the depreciation rates used(d) the gross carrying amount and the accumulated depreciation (aggregated with accumulated impairment losses) at the beginning and end of the period and (e) a reconciliation of the carrying amount at the beginning and end of the period showing (i) (ii) additions assets classified as held for sale or included in a disposal group classified as held for sale in accordance with MFRS 5 and other disposals acquisitions through business combinations increases or decreases re sulting from revaluations under paragraphs 31, 39 and 40 and from impairment losses recognised or converse in other comprehensive income in accordance with MFRS 136 impairment losses recognised in profit or loss in accordance with MFRS 136 impairment losses reversed in profit or loss in accordance with MFRS 136(iii) (iv)(v) (vi)(vii) depreciation (viii) the net exchange differences arising on the transmutation of the financial statements from the functional notes into a different presentation currency, including the translation of a foreign operation into the presentation currency of the reporting entity and (ix) other changes.580IFRS FoundationMFRS 116 74 The financial statements shall also disclose (a) the mankind and amounts of restrictions on title, and property, plant and equipment pledged as security for liabilities (b) the amount of expenditures recognised in the carrying amount of an item of property, plant and equipment in the course of its construction (c) the amount of contractual commitments for the acquisition of property, plant and equipment and(d) if it is not break separately in the statement of comprehensive income, the amount of compensation from third parties for items of property, plant and equipment that were impaired, lost or given up that is included in profit or loss. 75 Selection of the depreciation method and estimation of the useful life of assets are matters of judgement. Therefore, disclosure of the methods adopted and the estimated useful lives or depreciation rates provides users of financial statements with information that allows them to review the policies selected by management and enables comparisons to be made with other entities. For similar reasons, it is necessary to disclose (a) depreciation, whether recognised in profit or loss or as a part of the cost of other assets, during a period and(b) accumulated depreciation at the end of the period. 76 In accordance with MFRS 108 an entity discloses the nature and effect o f a change in an accounting estimate that has an effect in the current period or is expected to have an effect in subsequent periods. For property, plant and equipment, such disclosure may arise from changes in estimates with respect to (a) residual values(b) the estimated costs of dismantling, removing or restoring items of property, plant and equipment (c) useful lives and(d) depreciation methods. 77 If items of property, plant and equipment are stated at revalued amounts, the following shall be let out (a) the effective date of the revaluation (b) whether an free valuer was involved (c) the methods and significant assumptions applied in estimating the items fair values(d) the extent to which the items fair values were determined directly by reference to observable prices in an active market or recent market transactions on arms length terms or were estimated using other valuation techniques IFRS Foundation581MFRS 116 (e) for each revalued class of property, plant and equipment, the carrying amount that would have been recognised had the assets been carried under the cost model and the revaluation surplus, indicating the change for the period and any restrictions on the distribution of the balance to shareholders.(f) 78In accordance with MFRS 136 an entity discloses information on impaired property, plant and equipment in addition to the information required byparagraph 73(e)(iv)(vi). Users of financial statements may also find the following information relevant to their ask (a) the carrying amount of temporarily idle property, plant and equipment79(b) the gross carrying amount of any fully depreciated property, plant and equipment that is still in use (c) the carrying amount of property, plant and equipment retired from active use and not classified as held for sale in accordance with MFRS 5 and(d) when the cost model is used, the fair value of property, plant and equipment when this is materially different from the carrying amount. Therefore, entities a re encouraged to disclose these amounts.Transitional provisions80 The requirements of paragraphs 2426 regarding the initial measurement of an item of property, plant and equipment acquired in an exchange of assets transaction shall be applied prospectively only to future transactions.Effective date81 An entity shall apply this Standard for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005. Earlier application is encouraged. If an entity applies this Standard for a period beginning before 1 January 2005, it shall disclose that fact. An entity shall apply the amendments in paragraph 3 for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2006. If an entity applies MFRS 6 for an earlier period, those amendments shall be applied for that earlier period. MFRS 101 Presentation of Financial Statements (IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements as revised by IASB in 2007) amended the terminology used throughout MFRSs. In addition it amended paragraphs 39, 40 and 73(e)(iv). An entity shall a pply those amendments for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2009. If an entity applies MFRS 101 (IAS 1 revised by IASB in 2007) for an earlier period, the amendments shall be applied for that earlier period.81A81B582IFRS FoundationMFRS 116 81C MFRS 3 work Combinations (IFRS 3 Business Combinations as revised by IASB in 2008) amended paragraph 44. An entity shall apply that amendment for annual periods beginning on or after 1 July 2009. If an entity applies MFRS 3 (IFRS 3 revised by IASB in 2008) for an earlier period, the amendment shall also be applied for that earlier period. carve ups 6 and 69 were amended and paragraph 68A was added by Improvements to MFRSs (Improvements to IFRSs issued by IASB in May 2008). An entity shall apply those amendments for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2009. Earlier application is permitted.If an entity applies the amendments for an earlier period it shall disclose that fact and at the same time apply the related amendm ents to MFRS 107 Statement of Cash Flows. split 5 was amended by Improvements to MFRSs (Improvements to IFRSs issued by IASB in May 2008). An entity shall apply that amendment prospectively for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2009. Earlier application is permitted if an entity also applies the amendments to paragraphs 8, 9, 22, 48, 53, 53A, 53B, 54, 57 and 85B of MFRS 140 at the same time. If an entity applies the amendment for an earlier period it shall disclose that fact.81D81E insularism of other pronouncements82 83 Deleted by MASB Deleted by MASBIFRS Foundation583MFRS 116Deleted IAS 16 textDeleted IAS 16 text is produced for information only and does not form part of MFRS 116. Paragraph 82 This Standard supersedes IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment (revised in 1998). Paragraph 83 This Standard supersedes the following Interpretations (a) SIC-6 Costs of Modifying Existing software(b) SIC-14 Property, Plant and EquipmentCompensation for the Impairment or Loss of Items and (c) SIC-23 Property, Plant and EquipmentMajor Inspection or Overhaul Costs.584IFRS Foundation